Deck 12: Posture and Gait in Walking and Running

Question 1

How many subphases is the stance phase of gait is divided into?

A) Two
B) Three
C) Four
D) Five

Answer 1

Five

Question 2

When assessing someone with ideal posture in the sagittal plane, the plumb line should pass on the _____________ side of the thoracic spine and __________ to the hip joint axis.

A) concave; anterior
B) concave; posterior
C) convex; anterior
D) convex; posterior

Answer 2

concave; posterior

Question 3

For patients with paraplegia, which hip muscle group is most important for maintaining adequate flexibility so the ability to stand is unaffected?

A) Extensors
B) Flexors
C) Lateral rotators
D) Abductors

Answer 3

Flexors

Question 4

If an individual has weak calf muscles, which compensatory strategy is he or she least likely to adopt?

A) Shifting the line of gravity posterior to the ankle
B) Using a broader base of support
C) Continual movement from one foot to another
D) Holding onto nearby objects for stability

Question 5

During normal walking speeds, what percentage of the gait cycle does the stance phase comprise?

A) 20%
B) 40%
C) 60%
D) 80%

Question 6

Which of the following is not a functional task of gait?

A) Weight acceptance
B) Single limb support
C) Double limb support
D) Limb advancement

Question 7

To increase walking speed, one should ________ stride length and ________ cadence.

A) increase; increase
B) increase; decrease
C) decrease; decrease
D) decrease; increase

Question 8

Gait can be defined as:

A) the manner or style of walking
B) moving from one place to another
C) whether or not someone can walk freely or with the assistance of some device
D) the relative arrangement of body parts for a specific activity

Question 9

In typical mature adults, what is the normal toe out or angle of progression?

A) 7 $\degree$
B) 17 $\degree$
C) 27 $\degree$
D) 37 $\degree$

Question 10

The need to change position is most frequently a result of:

A) muscle fatigue
B) sensory deficiencies
C) vascular insufficiencies
D) neurological insufficiencies

Question 11

Sway of the body typically occurs:

A) just anterior to S2 as this is close to the body's center of gravity
B) at the hip
C) at the knee
D) at the ankle

Question 12

What type of recovery strategy is most often used when the challenge is small and slow and remains near the body's midline?

A) Reaching
B) Stepping
C) Hip
D) Ankle

Question 13

When assessing someone with ideal posture in the sagittal plane, the plumb line should pass on the _____________ side of the lumbar spine and __________ to the ankle joint axis.

A) concave; anterior
B) concave; posterior
C) convex; anterior
D) convex; posterior

Question 14

Mid-stance occurs when the:

A) heel lifts off the ground
B) heel initially contacts the ground
C) entire plantar surface of the foot contacts the ground
D) body's center of mass moves directly over the foot

Question 15

How many periods of double limb support occur during one gait cycle?

A) One
B) Two
C) Three
D) Four

Question 16

What is the number of steps an individual can complete in a period of time known as?

A) Velocity
B) Step duration
C) Cadence
D) Walking speed

Question 17

The distance between the initial contact of one foot and initial contact of the other foot is:

A) step length
B) step width
C) stride length
D) a gait cycle

Question 18

Of the following, which is not considered to be an "antigravity" muscle group?

A) Neck extensors
B) Knee flexors
C) Hip abductors
D) Hip extensors

Question 19

During normal walking speeds, how many seconds does it take to complete a gait cycle?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 20

Which muscle is most important for maintaining functional stance at the ankle?

A) Anterior tibialis
B) Extensor digitorum longus
C) Soleus
D) Gastrocnemius

Question 21

During the gait cycle, for an individual with a hip flexion contracture, one would expect to observe a(n) ____________ anterior pelvic tilt and __________ lumbar lordosis.

A) increased; increased
B) decreased; increased
C) increased; decreased
D) decreased; decreased

Question 22

Typically, the body maintains one position during standing.

Question 23

At what point in the gait cycle is hip extension at its maximum?

A) Initial contact
B) Foot flat
C) Mid-stance
D) Terminal stance

Question 24

During the terminal stance and pre-swing phases of gait, knee flexion occurs _______ from _______________________________.

A) actively; a concentric contraction of the hamstrings
B) actively; an eccentric contraction of the quadriceps
C) passively; a concentric contraction of the singe joint hip extensors
D) passively; the combined motions of hip flexion and ankle plantarflexion

Question 25

What is the distance that has been determined to be a functional level for community ambulation?

A) 3 meters/minute
B) 30 meters/minute
C) 300 meters/minute
D) 3,000 meters/minute

Question 26

Standing posture is most stable in adults from about 20 to 60 years of age.

Question 27

Ground reaction forces during the gait cycle are greatest in this direction:

A) anterior
B) posterior
C) vertically
D) medially

Question 28

Ground reaction forces are least in this direction:

A) anteriorly
B) posteriorly
C) vertically
D) medially

Question 29

During the early part of the stance phase (initial contact, loading response), the anterior and posterior tibialis work as ___________ at the subtalar joint.

A) agonists
B) synergists
C) antagonists
D) a force couple

Question 30

During mid-stance, which muscle bears the primary responsibility for controlling the pelvis in the frontal plane?

A) Piriformis
B) Gluteus minimus
C) Gluteus medius
D) Gluteus maximus

Question 31

An anteriorly directed ground reaction force occurs during which part of the gait cycle?

A) Initial contact
B) Mid-stance
C) Terminal stance
D) Mid-swing

Question 32

At what point in the gait cycle is ankle dorsiflexion at its maximum?

A) Initial contact
B) Foot flat
C) At the end of mid-stance
D) Terminal stance

Question 33

During the stance phase of gait, the anterior and posterior tibialis work as __________ at the talocrural joint.

A) agonists
B) synergists
C) antagonists
D) a force couple

Question 34

A posteriorly directed ground reaction force occurs during which part of the gait cycle?

A) Initial contact
B) Mid-stance
C) Terminal stance
D) Mid-swing

Question 35

Increased postural sway in an elderly population is related to the incidence of falls.

Question 36

To safely cross a street, one needs to be able to walk at this minimum velocity:

A) 3 meters/minute
B) 30 meters/minute
C) 300 meters/minute
D) 3,000 meters/minute

Question 37

At what point in the gait cycle is knee flexion at its maximum?

A) Terminal stance
B) Pre-swing
C) Mid-swing
D) Terminal swing

Question 38

What is the primary requirement during the mid-stance phase of gait?

A) Mobility
B) Stability
C) Acceleration
D) Deceleration

Question 39

In the frontal plane, the hip _________ approximately 5 $\degree$ immediately after initial contact.

A) abducts
B) adducts
C) medially rotates
D) laterally rotates

Question 40

The mid-tarsal joints are _______when the subtalar joint is ________.

A) mobile; pronated
B) mobile; supinated
C) rigid; pronated
D) mid-tarsal motion is not influenced by the subtalar joint

Question 41

Gait characteristics of the very young and the very old have few, if any, similarities.

Question 42

Patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome typically ambulate with their knee in a flexed posture.

Question 43

On average, men walk faster had a longer stride length and faster cadence compared with women.

Question 44

The body's center of mass is highest during double limb support.

Question 45

The gait cycle is synonymous with a stride.

Question 46

During the loading response, most muscles fire concentrically.

Question 47

A mature gait pattern takes several years to develop.

Question 48

As it relates to sagittal plane motion at the pelvis during gait, anterior tilting of the pelvis is generally associated with hip extension, whereas posterior tilting of the pelvis is generally associated with hip flexion.

Question 49

The vertical ground reaction force during the gait cycle exceeds body weight during mid-stance.

Question 50

To ambulate with a normal gait pattern, extension of the first metatarsophalangeal joint must be possible to 60 $\degree$ .

Question 51

From a kinesiological perspective, the determinants of gait attempt to explain the efficiency of gait by detailing how the body minimizes vertical and lateral displacement of the center of mass.

Question 52

The duration of double support varies inversely with the speed of walking.

Question 53

At initial contact the center of pressure is just medial to the midpoint of the heel.

Question 54

The center of pressure is the location of the foot where the ground reaction forces are applied.

Question 55

The body's center of mass is at its highest in the sagittal plane and its most lateral position in the frontal plane at the same during the gait cycle.

Question 56

A forward head posture decreases the demand on the cervical extensor muscle.

Question 57

There are fewer muscles working during the swing phase of gait compared with during the stance phase.

Question 58

In most clinical settings, gait analysis routinely incorporates the use of video capture for kinematic analysis and kinetic quantification of forces as these methodologies are inexpensive, readily available, and easy to use.

Question 59

At initial contact, the subtalar joint is in an everted position.

Question 60

Each individual has a comfortable walking speed on a smooth, level surface that is most energy efficient for that individual.

Question 61

Patients with quadriceps weakness will attempt to keep their knee in greater amounts of flexion especially at and immediately after heel contact.

Question 62

The two main factors that influence running speed are stride length and frequency.

Question 63

Patients with Parkinson's disease commonly demonstrate increased trunk rotation and arm swing.

Question 64

The gluteus maximus output and timing of function is the same in both walking and running.

Question 65

A knee flexion contracture will result in the body's center of mass remaining lowered throughout the stance phase on the affected side.

Question 66

During running, it is believed that the quadriceps provides more positive (propulsion) work than negative (absorption) work.

Question 67

In the frontal plane the knee abducts during mid-stance while running.

Question 68

During running, the swing phase of gait is longer than the stance phase.

Question 69

Throughout the gait cycle during running, there is only one period of double limb support compared with the two that occur during walking.

Question 70

Compensatory mechanisms to preserve gait as a result of injury or disease are as if not more efficient than normal gait itself.

Question 71

Ataxic gait is one in which there is uneven step length, width is irregular, rhythm is absent, and the feet are often lifted too high.