Question 1

A psychiatrist wishes to determine whether a new medication controls seizures better than the patients' previous medications. The number of seizures is recorded on previous and new medications for a period of 1 year for each patient. The research question is focused on determining whether there are differences between the two means of the numbers of seizures between the previous and new medications. $\text { Number of Seizures }$
$\begin{array}{lll}&\text { Previous Medication }&\text { New Medication }\\\hline \text { Patient 1 } & 4 & 7 \\\text { Patient 2 } & 5 & 6 \\\text { Patient 3 } & 4 & 3 \\\text { Patient 4 } & 3 & 3 \\\text { Patient 5 } & 4 & 5\\\text { Patient 6 } & 3 & 2 \\\text { Patient 7 } & 4 & 5 \\\text { Patient 8 } & 6 & 7 \\\text { Patient 8 } & 4 & 4 \\\text { Patient 10 } & 3 & 2 \\\text { Patient 11 } & 4 & 5 \\\text { Patient 12 } & 5 & 4\\\hline \end{array}$

-The derived t value from the formula is

A)0.938
B)4.500
C)4.417
D)0.200

0.938

Accepted Answer

The t-test is used to compare the means of two related groups to determine if there is a significant difference between them. In this case, the t-test compares the number of seizures before and after the new medication for the same patients. The derived t value of 0.938 suggests that this is the calculated statistic used to assess the difference in means between the two conditions (previous and new medication) for the paired data provided.

Question 2

The __________________ effect is said to occur when extreme scores, which are measured again, tend to be closer to the mean.&#10;A)correlation&#10;B)regression&#10;C)dependent&#10;D)diminishing&#10;

Accepted Answer

The regression effect, also known as regression to the mean, describes the phenomenon where extreme scores on a first measurement tend to be closer to the average upon a second measurement.

Question 3

The two-tailed test of significance protects against the Type ____ error better than the one-tailed test of significance.&#10;A)I&#10;B)II&#10;C)III&#10;D)IV&#10;

Accepted Answer

A two-tailed test of significance does not specifically protect better against Type I error compared to a one-tailed test; both tests have the same Type I error rate when the significance level is set (e.g., α = 0.05). However, the question seems to imply a focus on Type I error, which is the error of incorrectly rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true. Both one-tailed and two-tailed tests are designed to control the Type I error rate at the chosen significance level.

Question 4

The way in which the _________________ hypothesis is stated determines whether a test of significance is one-tailed or two-tailed.&#10;A)null&#10;B)alternative&#10;C)neutral&#10;D)pejorative&#10;

Accepted Answer

The alternative hypothesis specifies the expected direction of the effect being tested (e.g., greater than, less than, different from a specific value), which determines whether a one-tailed or two-tailed test is appropriate.

Question 5

Which of the following is not a way to increase the power of a t test?&#10;A)increase the difference between two means&#10;B)increase the number of participants&#10;C)decrease within-subject variance&#10;D)increase the number of independent variables&#10;

Accepted Answer

Increasing the number of independent variables does not directly increase the power of a t-test, which is designed to compare means between two groups. Power is generally increased by enhancing the difference between group means, increasing sample size, or reducing variability within groups.

Question 6

A psychologist wishes to determine whether drinking coffee improves one's mood. The psychologist hangs out at the Café Coffay and asks customers to fill out a 10-point good-mood, bad-mood questionnaire (where 10 = great mood and 1 = bad mood) before and after their first cup of coffee that day. The research question is whether there is any evidence that drinking coffee improves mood. $\begin{array}{lll}&\text { Before Mood Rating }&\text { After Mood Rating }\\\hline \text { Participant 1 } & 5 & 9 \\\text { Participant 2 } & 3 & 8 \\\text { Participant 3 } & 9 & 9 \\\text { Participant 4 } & 3 & 8 \\\text { Participant 5 } & 2 & 7 \\\text { Participant 6 } & 4 & 9 \\\text { Participant 7 } & 1 & 10\\\text { Participant 8 } & 8 & 8 \\\text { Participant 9 } & 6 & 5 \\\text { Participant 10 } & 7 & 7 \\\text { Participant 11 } & 4 & 3 \\\text { Participant 12 } & 3 & 10 \\\text { Participant 13 } & 8 & 7 \\\text { Participant 14 } & 7 & 9 \\\text { Participant 15 } & 5 & 9\\\hline\end{array}$

-The df for this problem are

A)0
B)8
C)5
D)14

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Accepted Answer

The numerator in the dependent t test formula is the difference between the means of the two groups. In this case, the mean of the before mood ratings is 4.73 and the mean of the after mood ratings is 7.60. Therefore, the numerator is 7.60 - 4.73 = 2.87.

Question 7

A psychiatrist wishes to determine whether a new medication controls seizures better than the patients' previous medications. The number of seizures is recorded on previous and new medications for a period of 1 year for each patient. The research question is focused on determining whether there are differences between the two means of the numbers of seizures between the previous and new medications. $\text { Number of Seizures }$
$\begin{array}{lll}&\text { Previous Medication }&\text { New Medication }\\\hline \text { Patient 1 } & 4 & 7 \\\text { Patient 2 } & 5 & 6 \\\text { Patient 3 } & 4 & 3 \\\text { Patient 4 } & 3 & 3 \\\text { Patient 5 } & 4 & 5\\\text { Patient 6 } & 3 & 2 \\\text { Patient 7 } & 4 & 5 \\\text { Patient 8 } & 6 & 7 \\\text { Patient 8 } & 4 & 4 \\\text { Patient 10 } & 3 & 2 \\\text { Patient 11 } & 4 & 5 \\\text { Patient 12 } & 5 & 4\\\hline \end{array}$

-The derived t value from the formula is

A)0.938
B)4.500
C)4.417
D)0.200

0.938

Accepted Answer

The degrees of freedom (df) for a paired samples t-test, which is appropriate for this study comparing two conditions (previous and new medication) for the same subjects, is calculated as $n - 1$, where $n$ is the number of pairs. Here, $n = 12$ (the number of patients), so $df = 12 - 1 = 11$.

Question 8

A psychiatrist wishes to determine whether a new medication controls seizures better than the patients' previous medications. The number of seizures is recorded on previous and new medications for a period of 1 year for each patient. The research question is focused on determining whether there are differences between the two means of the numbers of seizures between the previous and new medications. $\text { Number of Seizures }$
$\begin{array}{lll}&\text { Previous Medication }&\text { New Medication }\\\hline \text { Patient 1 } & 4 & 7 \\\text { Patient 2 } & 5 & 6 \\\text { Patient 3 } & 4 & 3 \\\text { Patient 4 } & 3 & 3 \\\text { Patient 5 } & 4 & 5\\\text { Patient 6 } & 3 & 2 \\\text { Patient 7 } & 4 & 5 \\\text { Patient 8 } & 6 & 7 \\\text { Patient 8 } & 4 & 4 \\\text { Patient 10 } & 3 & 2 \\\text { Patient 11 } & 4 & 5 \\\text { Patient 12 } & 5 & 4\\\hline \end{array}$

-The derived t value from the formula is

A)0.938
B)4.500
C)4.417
D)0.200

0.938

Accepted Answer

The data shows mixed results with some patients experiencing fewer seizures on the new medication and others experiencing more. Without statistical analysis, we cannot conclusively say the new drug works better.

Question 9

Which of the following is not a name for the dependent t test?&#10;A)repeated-measures t test&#10;B)paired-samples t test&#10;C)correlated t test&#10;D)multiple t test&#10;

Accepted Answer

The dependent t test is known by several names, including repeated-measures t test, paired-samples t test, and correlated t test, but not multiple t test.

Question 10

A psychologist wishes to determine whether drinking coffee improves one's mood. The psychologist hangs out at the Café Coffay and asks customers to fill out a 10-point good-mood, bad-mood questionnaire (where 10 = great mood and 1 = bad mood) before and after their first cup of coffee that day. The research question is whether there is any evidence that drinking coffee improves mood. $\begin{array}{lll}&\text { Before Mood Rating }&\text { After Mood Rating }\\\hline \text { Participant 1 } & 5 & 9 \\\text { Participant 2 } & 3 & 8 \\\text { Participant 3 } & 9 & 9 \\\text { Participant 4 } & 3 & 8 \\\text { Participant 5 } & 2 & 7 \\\text { Participant 6 } & 4 & 9 \\\text { Participant 7 } & 1 & 10\\\text { Participant 8 } & 8 & 8 \\\text { Participant 9 } & 6 & 5 \\\text { Participant 10 } & 7 & 7 \\\text { Participant 11 } & 4 & 3 \\\text { Participant 12 } & 3 & 10 \\\text { Participant 13 } & 8 & 7 \\\text { Participant 14 } & 7 & 9 \\\text { Participant 15 } & 5 & 9\\\hline\end{array}$

-The value of the numerator in the dependent t test formula for this problem is approximately

A)0.08
B)2.87
C)5.00
D)7.87

Accepted Answer

The degrees of freedom (df) for a paired samples t-test (which is appropriate for this before-and-after design) is calculated as $n - 1$, where $n$ is the number of pairs. Here, $n = 15$ (the number of participants), so $df = 15 - 1 = 14$.

Question 11

A psychologist wishes to determine whether drinking coffee improves one's mood. The psychologist hangs out at the Café Coffay and asks customers to fill out a 10-point good-mood, bad-mood questionnaire (where 10 = great mood and 1 = bad mood) before and after their first cup of coffee that day. The research question is whether there is any evidence that drinking coffee improves mood. $\begin{array}{lll}&\text { Before Mood Rating }&\text { After Mood Rating }\\\hline \text { Participant 1 } & 5 & 9 \\\text { Participant 2 } & 3 & 8 \\\text { Participant 3 } & 9 & 9 \\\text { Participant 4 } & 3 & 8 \\\text { Participant 5 } & 2 & 7 \\\text { Participant 6 } & 4 & 9 \\\text { Participant 7 } & 1 & 10\\\text { Participant 8 } & 8 & 8 \\\text { Participant 9 } & 6 & 5 \\\text { Participant 10 } & 7 & 7 \\\text { Participant 11 } & 4 & 3 \\\text { Participant 12 } & 3 & 10 \\\text { Participant 13 } & 8 & 7 \\\text { Participant 14 } & 7 & 9 \\\text { Participant 15 } & 5 & 9\\\hline\end{array}$

-Assume this t test had a nondirectional alternative hypothesis, and we will use the conventional level of statistical significance.The critical value (plus and minus) of the t test for this problem (obtained from Appendix B: t distribution) is

A)2.145
B)2.977
C)4.140
D)2.131

Accepted Answer

The answer of A psychologist wishes to determine whether drinking...

Question 12

A psychiatrist wishes to determine whether a new medication controls seizures better than the patients' previous medications. The number of seizures is recorded on previous and new medications for a period of 1 year for each patient. The research question is focused on determining whether there are differences between the two means of the numbers of seizures between the previous and new medications. $\text { Number of Seizures }$
$\begin{array}{lll}&\text { Previous Medication }&\text { New Medication }\\\hline \text { Patient 1 } & 4 & 7 \\\text { Patient 2 } & 5 & 6 \\\text { Patient 3 } & 4 & 3 \\\text { Patient 4 } & 3 & 3 \\\text { Patient 5 } & 4 & 5\\\text { Patient 6 } & 3 & 2 \\\text { Patient 7 } & 4 & 5 \\\text { Patient 8 } & 6 & 7 \\\text { Patient 8 } & 4 & 4 \\\text { Patient 10 } & 3 & 2 \\\text { Patient 11 } & 4 & 5 \\\text { Patient 12 } & 5 & 4\\\hline \end{array}$

-The derived t value from the formula is

A)0.938
B)4.500
C)4.417
D)0.200

0.938

Accepted Answer

The answer of A psychiatrist wishes to determine whether a...

Question 13

A psychologist wishes to determine whether drinking coffee improves one's mood. The psychologist hangs out at the Café Coffay and asks customers to fill out a 10-point good-mood, bad-mood questionnaire (where 10 = great mood and 1 = bad mood) before and after their first cup of coffee that day. The research question is whether there is any evidence that drinking coffee improves mood. $\begin{array}{lll}&\text { Before Mood Rating }&\text { After Mood Rating }\\\hline \text { Participant 1 } & 5 & 9 \\\text { Participant 2 } & 3 & 8 \\\text { Participant 3 } & 9 & 9 \\\text { Participant 4 } & 3 & 8 \\\text { Participant 5 } & 2 & 7 \\\text { Participant 6 } & 4 & 9 \\\text { Participant 7 } & 1 & 10\\\text { Participant 8 } & 8 & 8 \\\text { Participant 9 } & 6 & 5 \\\text { Participant 10 } & 7 & 7 \\\text { Participant 11 } & 4 & 3 \\\text { Participant 12 } & 3 & 10 \\\text { Participant 13 } & 8 & 7 \\\text { Participant 14 } & 7 & 9 \\\text { Participant 15 } & 5 & 9\\\hline\end{array}$

-What statistical decision is appropriate?

A)retain the null hypothesis
B)reject the null hypothesis
C)reject the alternative hypothesis
D)the results are significant at p < .001

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Question 14

A psychologist wishes to determine whether drinking coffee improves one's mood. The psychologist hangs out at the Café Coffay and asks customers to fill out a 10-point good-mood, bad-mood questionnaire (where 10 = great mood and 1 = bad mood) before and after their first cup of coffee that day. The research question is whether there is any evidence that drinking coffee improves mood. $\begin{array}{lll}&\text { Before Mood Rating }&\text { After Mood Rating }\\\hline \text { Participant 1 } & 5 & 9 \\\text { Participant 2 } & 3 & 8 \\\text { Participant 3 } & 9 & 9 \\\text { Participant 4 } & 3 & 8 \\\text { Participant 5 } & 2 & 7 \\\text { Participant 6 } & 4 & 9 \\\text { Participant 7 } & 1 & 10\\\text { Participant 8 } & 8 & 8 \\\text { Participant 9 } & 6 & 5 \\\text { Participant 10 } & 7 & 7 \\\text { Participant 11 } & 4 & 3 \\\text { Participant 12 } & 3 & 10 \\\text { Participant 13 } & 8 & 7 \\\text { Participant 14 } & 7 & 9 \\\text { Participant 15 } & 5 & 9\\\hline\end{array}$

-What statistical decision is appropriate?

A)retain the null hypothesis
B)reject the null hypothesis
C)reject the alternative hypothesis
D)the results are significant at p < .001

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Accepted Answer

The answer of A psychologist wishes to determine whether drinking...

Question 15

A psychiatrist wishes to determine whether a new medication controls seizures better than the patients' previous medications. The number of seizures is recorded on previous and new medications for a period of 1 year for each patient. The research question is focused on determining whether there are differences between the two means of the numbers of seizures between the previous and new medications. $\text { Number of Seizures }$
$\begin{array}{lll}&\text { Previous Medication }&\text { New Medication }\\\hline \text { Patient 1 } & 4 & 7 \\\text { Patient 2 } & 5 & 6 \\\text { Patient 3 } & 4 & 3 \\\text { Patient 4 } & 3 & 3 \\\text { Patient 5 } & 4 & 5\\\text { Patient 6 } & 3 & 2 \\\text { Patient 7 } & 4 & 5 \\\text { Patient 8 } & 6 & 7 \\\text { Patient 8 } & 4 & 4 \\\text { Patient 10 } & 3 & 2 \\\text { Patient 11 } & 4 & 5 \\\text { Patient 12 } & 5 & 4\\\hline \end{array}$

-The derived t value from the formula is

A)0.938
B)4.500
C)4.417
D)0.200

0.938

Accepted Answer

The answer of A psychiatrist wishes to determine whether a...

Question 16

A psychologist wishes to determine whether drinking coffee improves one's mood. The psychologist hangs out at the Café Coffay and asks customers to fill out a 10-point good-mood, bad-mood questionnaire (where 10 = great mood and 1 = bad mood) before and after their first cup of coffee that day. The research question is whether there is any evidence that drinking coffee improves mood. $\begin{array}{lll}&\text { Before Mood Rating }&\text { After Mood Rating }\\\hline \text { Participant 1 } & 5 & 9 \\\text { Participant 2 } & 3 & 8 \\\text { Participant 3 } & 9 & 9 \\\text { Participant 4 } & 3 & 8 \\\text { Participant 5 } & 2 & 7 \\\text { Participant 6 } & 4 & 9 \\\text { Participant 7 } & 1 & 10\\\text { Participant 8 } & 8 & 8 \\\text { Participant 9 } & 6 & 5 \\\text { Participant 10 } & 7 & 7 \\\text { Participant 11 } & 4 & 3 \\\text { Participant 12 } & 3 & 10 \\\text { Participant 13 } & 8 & 7 \\\text { Participant 14 } & 7 & 9 \\\text { Participant 15 } & 5 & 9\\\hline\end{array}$

-The derived t value (either + or -) from the formula is

A)5.00
B)7.87
C)3.44
D).05

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Accepted Answer

The answer of A psychologist wishes to determine whether drinking...

Question 17

One drawback of dependent t test designs versus independent t test designs is the degrees of freedom.Given the same number of participants in both designs, which has the greater degrees of freedom?&#10;A)dependent&#10;B)independent&#10;C)they are equal&#10;

Accepted Answer

The answer of One drawback of dependent t test designs...

Question 18

A psychiatrist wishes to determine whether a new medication controls seizures better than the patients' previous medications. The number of seizures is recorded on previous and new medications for a period of 1 year for each patient. The research question is focused on determining whether there are differences between the two means of the numbers of seizures between the previous and new medications. $\text { Number of Seizures }$
$\begin{array}{lll}&\text { Previous Medication }&\text { New Medication }\\\hline \text { Patient 1 } & 4 & 7 \\\text { Patient 2 } & 5 & 6 \\\text { Patient 3 } & 4 & 3 \\\text { Patient 4 } & 3 & 3 \\\text { Patient 5 } & 4 & 5\\\text { Patient 6 } & 3 & 2 \\\text { Patient 7 } & 4 & 5 \\\text { Patient 8 } & 6 & 7 \\\text { Patient 8 } & 4 & 4 \\\text { Patient 10 } & 3 & 2 \\\text { Patient 11 } & 4 & 5 \\\text { Patient 12 } & 5 & 4\\\hline \end{array}$

-The derived t value from the formula is

A)0.938
B)4.500
C)4.417
D)0.200

0.938

Accepted Answer

The answer of A psychiatrist wishes to determine whether a...

Question 19

A psychologist wishes to determine whether drinking coffee improves one's mood. The psychologist hangs out at the Café Coffay and asks customers to fill out a 10-point good-mood, bad-mood questionnaire (where 10 = great mood and 1 = bad mood) before and after their first cup of coffee that day. The research question is whether there is any evidence that drinking coffee improves mood. $\begin{array}{lll}&\text { Before Mood Rating }&\text { After Mood Rating }\\\hline \text { Participant 1 } & 5 & 9 \\\text { Participant 2 } & 3 & 8 \\\text { Participant 3 } & 9 & 9 \\\text { Participant 4 } & 3 & 8 \\\text { Participant 5 } & 2 & 7 \\\text { Participant 6 } & 4 & 9 \\\text { Participant 7 } & 1 & 10\\\text { Participant 8 } & 8 & 8 \\\text { Participant 9 } & 6 & 5 \\\text { Participant 10 } & 7 & 7 \\\text { Participant 11 } & 4 & 3 \\\text { Participant 12 } & 3 & 10 \\\text { Participant 13 } & 8 & 7 \\\text { Participant 14 } & 7 & 9 \\\text { Participant 15 } & 5 & 9\\\hline\end{array}$

-What statistical decision is appropriate?

A)retain the null hypothesis
B)reject the null hypothesis
C)reject the alternative hypothesis
D)the results are significant at p < .001

Accepted Answer

The answer of A psychologist wishes to determine whether drinking...

Question 20

Design 3 of the dependent t test controls for the&#10;A)order of presentation&#10;B)regression effect&#10;C)diminishing effect&#10;D)abuse of power&#10;

Accepted Answer

The answer of Design 3 of the dependent t test...

Deck 8: The T Test for Dependent Groups