Deck 2: Heredity and Environment

Question 1

Which of the following syndromes occurs only in females?

A) Down syndrome
B) Turner's syndrome
C) Klinefelter's syndrome
D) Fragile X syndrome

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following is MOST likely to be experienced as a normative influence?

A) retirement
B) career change
C) illness
D) moving to a new community
Applied questions:

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The term used to describe alternate versions of the same gene is:

A) alleles
B) chromosomes
C) autosomes
D) gametes

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Olaf has been diagnosed with Klinefelter's syndrome. What is his chromosomal pattern?

A) XO
B) XY
C) XXY
D) XYY

Question 5

Operant conditioning is especially likely to be involved in the development of:

A) phobias
B) excessive salivation
C) habituation
D) habits

Question 6

According to the text, the human body contains about how many different types of cells?

A) 16
B) 50
C) 200
D) several thousand

Question 7

If you were to compare the DNA of any two unrelated people, about what percent of their DNA would be identical?

A) 25%
B) 50%
C) 99.9%
D) 100%

Question 8

Color blindness is a sex-linked trait. As such, if a child is color blind, we can be assured that the child's genotype includes:

A) a recessive gene on the X chromosome inherited from his mother
B) a dominant gene on the X chromosome inherited from his mother
C) a recessive gene on the Y chromosome inherited from his father
D) a dominant gene on the X chromosome inherited from his father

Question 9

Patty doesn't want to hang around with people from the other side of town because she says they are "weird." Patty's behavior best reflects the concept involved in:

A) ethnocentrism
B) self-efficacy
C) normative age-graded influences
D) normative history-graded influences

Question 10

Workers in Dr. Garcia's lab first obtain tumor cells from patients with cancer. They then remove the DNA from the tumor cell nuclei and use enzymes to segment the DNA strands into sections. Finally, they insert the DNA sections in which they are interested into "host" bacteria cells, where the DNA can be reproduced for later use. Dr. Garcia's lab is engaged in work involving:

A) behavior genetics
B) recombinant technology
C) cryogenics
D) autosomal transmission

Question 11

The extent to which a trait is inherited versus acquired through interactions with the environment defines the concept of:

A) heritability
B) genetic predisposition
C) genetic engineering
D) concordance

Question 12

The key to understanding how classical conditioning works is to recognize that it involves the _________ of what will come.

A) reinforcement
B) punishment
C) prediction
D) repression
Applied questions:

Question 13

Suppose that a human female is accidentally exposed to a poison at one of four different points in development. If the effect of the poison is that it interferes with meiosis, at which point in the lifespan would we expect it to have the most disruptive effect?

A) in the prenatal period, since this is when ova are forming
B) in the first year after birth, since this is when brain growth is most rapid
C) during early adulthood, since this is when conception of a child is most likely to happen
D) in older adulthood, since body cells are most vulnerable at the end of the lifespan

Question 14

Anne mentions that her cousin has a congenital anomaly. You would know that this is sometimes also referred to as:

A) a sex-linked trait
B) a birth defect
C) an autosomal disorder
D) a heterozygous trait

Question 15

Which of the following disorders occurs only when the gene involved is inherited from the mother and not the father?

A) Prader-Willi syndrome
B) Angelman syndrome
C) Fragile X syndrome
D) Down syndrome

Question 16

Suppose that a disease is inherited. Your mother has the disease, your father does not, and you have a very minor case of the disease which lies somewhere in between your mother's and father's situation. In this case, we would know that the alleles that determine this trait:

A) are recessive
B) are dominant
C) are codominant
D) are heterozygous

Question 17

If different members of the family experience quite different environments, this would be reflected in:

A) a larger shared environment
B) a larger nonshared environment
C) a harsher developmental niche
D) a challenge for self-concept development

Question 18

Many individuals who grew up during the Great Depression were so devastated by the collapse of the economy that they became distrustful of depositing large sums of money in banks. The Great Depression would best be considered a:

A) normative, age-graded influence
B) normative, history-graded influence
C) nonnormative influence
D) normative, economic-graded influence

Question 19

Smith studies a group of 1,000 people who have schizophrenia and who also have identical twins. He finds that 47% of the identical twins also develop this disease. The type of statistical information Dr. Smith's study reveals is called:

A) concordance
B) an H-E (Heredity-Environment) Index
C) a genetic-based percentage
D) analysis of variance

Question 20

While sitting in a quiet waiting room, Ronnie at first is quite distracted by the clicking sound made by an old clock ticking away the seconds. However, after a few minutes, he no longer notices the ticking. This example best highlights the concept involved in:

A) concordance
B) classical conditioning
C) habituation
C) social learning

Question 21

The tendency to assume that one's own cultural beliefs are normal and those of others are abnormal is referred to as:

A) cohesion
B) socialization
C) ethnocentrism
D) indoctrination

Question 22

A gene is best defined as:

A) a nucleotide
B) a nucleotide base pair
C) a specific segment of DNA
D) all of the DNA contained on a specific chromosome

Question 23

About how many different proteins have been identified in the human body?

A) 200
B) 2,000
C) 20,000
D) 200,000

Question 24

Johnson corrects a student who talks about "genetic racial differences" and suggests that a better term to use when talking about genetic differences among defined groups of people would be:

A) ethnicity
B) genetic physical differences
C) nucleotide disparities among individuals
D) shared genes

Question 25

Which of the following statements about DNA is true?

A) The DNA molecule is circular, with the nucleotide bases located in the center of the circle.
B) The DNA molecule contains only four different types of bases, regardless of what species is involved.
C) The DNA molecule is identical for every known species, and species differences are coded on molecules that lay alongside the DNA.
D) The pairing of adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine follows a random sequence, with all four base pairs combining with each other an equal percentage of times.

Question 26

Which of the following is NOT contained in a nucleotide?

A) a base molecule
B) an enzyme
C) a phosphate molecule
D) a sugar molecule

Question 27

DNA refers to:

A) di-nucleic antibody
B) duonucleic acid
C) deoxyribonucleic acid
D) dynonucleic antigen

Question 28

Protecting the body from disease is the primary function of this type of protein:

A) collagen
B) antibody
C) enzyme
D) insulin

Question 29

Which of the following is NOT one of the ways by which nucleotide bases determine the specific traits contained in the genetic code?

A) which side of the ladder the base is on
B) the order in which the base pairs are arranged on the ladder
C) the total number of base pairs on the ladder
D) whether adenine combines with thymine, cytosine, or guanine in the particular DNA strand

Question 30

The text suggests that, from a genetic point of view, the concept of race is:

A) very important, since there are many genes in the human genome that determine specific race-related traits (such as hair color and eyelid shape)
B) largely meaningless, and a better way of thinking about race differences is to consider them as cultural or ethnic differences
C) very important, since in humans there are only a handful of genes that code for "race" in our DNA (each corresponding to a difference racial group)
D) of some importance, since genes that code for racial characteristics also code for intelligence

Question 31

According to the text, the most significant thing that genes do is:

A) determine how the brain will be constructed
B) build proteins
C) keep the organism alive by regulating physiological processes
D) produce sperm and ova so organisms can reproduce

Question 32

According to research presented in the text, the genetic locations that are responsible for determining a person's race:

A) are located on chromosome number 18
B) are located on the X chromosome
C) are located on many genes, including those in chromosomes 18, 19, and 20
D) are probably unique to each individual, and therefore "race" is not a meaningful concept in a genetic sense

Question 33

If you were to compare the DNA of any two unrelated people, about what percent of their DNA would be identical?

A) 25%
B) 50%
C) 99.9%
D) 100%

Question 34

In building a house, carpenters look for instructions on a blueprint, which includes all of the information needed to construct the house. Comparing a house to a human cell, the part of the cell that contains the "blueprint" would be:

A) the Golgi bodies
B) the cell membrane
C) the mitochondria
D) the nucleus

Question 35

The structure of DNA consists of a long molecule that looks somewhat like a ladder that has been "twisted." The shape of the DNA molecule is referred to as:

A) the double rope
B) the twisted rope
C) the double helix
D) the Golgi apparatus

Question 36

If a researcher wanted to extract the DNA from a cell, she should look for it in the cell's:

A) nucleus
B) mitochondria
C) cytoplasm
D) cell membrane

Question 37

Current estimates note that the human genome contains about how many genes?

A) about 5,000
B) about 25,000
C) about 85,000
D) over a million

Question 38

Which of the following parts of the cell provides most of its energy?

A) Golgi bodies
B) mitochondria
C) cytoplasm
D) the nucleus

Question 39

Suppose you get into an argument about how similar humans and chimpanzees are. One point to consider is that these species share about ___ % of their genes.

A) 50
B) 65
C) 85
D) 98

Question 40

A single human gene is composed of about how many base pairs?

A) anywhere from one to several dozen
B) anywhere from several dozen to 100
C) anywhere from 100 to 1000
D) anywhere from several hundred to several million

Question 41

Compared to earlier estimates about the total number of genes in the human genome, it now appears that there are:

A) about 10 times more genes than previously thought
B) about twice as many genes as previously thought
C) about the same number of genes as was predicted by Watson and Crick in 1954
D) somewhat fewer genes than previously thought

Question 42

Suppose that a human female is accidentally exposed to a poison at one of four different points in development. If the effect of the poison is that it interferes with meisosis, at which point in the lifespan would we expect it to have the most disruptive effect?

A) in the prenatal period, since this is when ova are forming
B) in the first year after birth, since this is when brain growth is most rapid
C) during early adulthood, since this is when conception of a child is most likely to happen
D) in older adulthood, since body cells are most vulnerable at the end of the lifespan

Question 43

Which chromosomal pair determines the sex of an individual?

A) 19th
B) 20th
C) 22nd
D) 23rd

Question 44

Suppose that the gene that determines how many fingers a person has is coded such that having 5 fingers is dominant and having 6 fingers is recessive. If a person's mother has 5 fingers and his father has 6 fingers, what is the probability that he will be born with 6 fingers?

A) 0 %
B) 50 %
C) 100 %
D) the percent cannot be determined because we do not know if his mother is homozygous or heterozygous for this trait

Question 45

In women, ova are formed:

A) about one every day after reaching puberty
B) about one or two a month, every month after reaching puberty
C) about 100 every day after reaching puberty
D) during the prenatal period

Question 46

How many PAIRS of chromosomes are in a normal human liver cell?

A) 12
B) 23
C) 46
D) 92

Question 47

Which of the following results from the process of meiosis?

A) fertilized ovum
B) alleles
C) gametes
D) proteins

Question 48

The two ways in which cells can divide are called:

A) meiosis and mitosis
B) autosomes and gametes
C) gametes and polarization
D) genotype and phenotype

Question 49

Sarah states, "All normal human skin cells contain 46 genes." To make Sarah's statement correct, you would need to:

A) change the word "genes" to "chromosomes"
B) change the word "skin" to "blood"
C) change the number "46" to "23"
D) make all of the changes noted in the other three answer choices

Question 50

The cell division process that results in the formation of gametes is called:

A) meiosis
B) gene imprinting
C) transcription
D) mitosis

Question 51

If the gene for blue eyes is recessive, and if John's mother and father both have blue eyes, we know that John:

A) will be homozygous on the eye color trait
B) will be heterozygous on the eye color trait
C) will have a 50% chance of having blue eyes
D) will have a 25% chance of having blue eyes

Question 52

Another term used to refer to either ova or sperm is:

A) alleles
B) gametes
C) phenotypes
D) proteins

Question 53

The term used to describe alternate versions of the same gene is:

A) alleles
B) chromosomes
C) autosomes
D) gametes

Question 54

Julie and David are excited because Julie has undergone some prenatal testing and today they will see a picture of their unborn baby's chromosomes. Such a picture is called:

A) a genetic blueprint
B) a karyotype
C) a nucleotide
D) an autosomal map

Question 55

The type of cell division that occurs in autosomes is called:

A) mutation
B) codominant reproduction
C) meiosis
D) mitosis

Question 56

The chromosomes of a cell, excluding those that determine sex, are called:

A) gametes
B) alleles
C) autosomes
D) enzymes

Question 57

Sperm and egg cells are called:

A) autosomes
B) genosomes
C) gametes
D) Golgi bodies

Question 58

Thomas (a man) knows that in his body, meiosis occurs in:

A) only his brain
B) only his white blood cells
C) only his testes
D) every cell in his body

Question 59

The term that refers to an individual's genetic make-up is __________; the term that refers to the physical characteristics that result from that genetic make-up is __________:

A) autosomes; gametes
B) gametes; autosomes
C) phenotype; genotype
D) genotype; phenotype

Question 60

A photograph of a cell's chromosomes arranged in pairs according to size is referred to as a:

A) phenotype
B) karyotype
C) chromotype
D) genotype

Question 61

If you were to examine a variety of human body cells under the microscope and look at the number of chromosomes contained in each, you would expect to see 46 chromosomes in all of the following cells EXCEPT:

A) a sperm cell
B) a liver cell
C) a neuron
D) a white blood cell

Question 62

The AB blood type is an example of a condition that results from:

A) dominance
B) incomplete dominance
C) recessive alleles
D) codominance

Question 63

Suppose that a disease is inherited. Your mother has the disease, your father does not, and you have a very minor case of the disease which lies somewhere in between your mother's and father's situation. In this case, we would know that the alleles that determine this trait:

A) are recessive
B) are dominant
C) are codominant
D) are heterozygous

Question 64

Ramley states that intelligence is determined by the action of hundreds of different genes. She has just defined intelligence as a _________ trait.

A) dominant
B) recessive
C) polygenic
D) heterozygous

Question 65

A mother and a father have four children (biological not adopted). All four children have blue eyes. Assuming that brown eyes is a dominant trait and blue eyes is a recessive trait, which of the following statements must be true?

A) The parents may have brown or blue eyes, but both must have at least one allele for blue eyes.
B) The parents may have brown or blue eyes, but both must have at least one allele for brown eyes.
C) At least one of the parents must have blue eyes.
D) Both of the parents must have blue eyes.

Question 66

About what percent of the DNA molecule is made up of protein-coding genes:

A) about 2%
B) about 25%
C) about 60%
D) nearly 100%

Question 67

Martin is worried that, if he has a child, the child might be "unlucky" and get the "bad half" of his chromosome pairs. Mr. Martin's worry would technically be referred to as an issue involving:

A) recombinant alleles
B) independent assortment
C) codominance in allele pairs
C) mutation

Question 68

Sickle-cell anemia is a genetic disorder that is best considered an example of:

A) dominance
B) incomplete dominance
C) recessive alleles
D) codominance

Question 69

Suppose that Shelly's mother has brown eyes and her father has blue eyes. Shelly has brown eyes. In this example we would ______ Shelly's phenotype for eye color and would _________ Shelly's genotype for eye color.

A) know; not know
B) not know; know
C) know; know
D) not know; not know

Question 70

Suppose that hair color is a single-gene trait and that dark hair is dominant and blonde hair is recessive. Also, suppose that Terry's mother has dark hair and his father has blonde hair. If Terry has blonde hair, we would ______ Terry's phenotype for hair color and would ________ Terry's genotype for hair color.

A) know; not know
B) not know; know
C) know; know
D) not know; not know

Question 71

The term "polygenic inheritance" refers to which of the following?

A) a trait that is determined by a single gene pair
B) the idea that half of our genes come from each of our parents
C) a trait that is present in the individual's phenotype
D) a trait caused by an interaction of several genes or gene pairs

Question 72

Assume that eye color is a single gene trait and that brown eyes is a dominant allele and blue eyes is a recessive allele. If Harry's mother and father both have brown eyes and are both heterozygous on this trait, what is the probably that he will have brown eyes, too?

A) 100%
B) 75%
C) 25%
C) 50%

Question 73

Suppose that eye color is a single gene trait and that brown eyes is a dominant allele and blue eyes is a recessive allele. If Mark has brown eyes, we would know:

A) that Mark is heterozygous for the eye color trait
B) that Mark is homozygous for the eye color trait
C) Mark's genotype
D) Mark's phenotype

Question 74

Sometimes in meiosis, genetic material from the mother and father is exchanged between chromosomes. This process is called and the alleles that carry the combination of both parents' genes are called alleles.

A) phenotypic inheritance; phenotypic
B) polygenetic inheritance; independent
C) incomplete dominance; codominant
D) crossing over; recombinant

Question 75

The last stage of meiotic division, in which chance determines which half of each chromosome pair will go into which sperm or ovum, involves the process called:

A) mitosis
B) independent assortment
C) recombination
D) codominant configuration

Question 76

According to the text, genetic mutations are:

A) extremely rare, occurring only in about 0.1% of the population.
B) found only in individuals who are over the age of 4 since do not begin to occur until some development has taken place.
C) always negative, in that they always make it more difficult for the individual to survive.
D) quite common.

Question 77

An example of a trait that results from incomplete dominance is ________; a trait that results from codominant alleles is __________:

A) sickle-cell anemia; blood type
B) leukemia; breast cancer
C) heart disease; liver cancer
D) multiple sclerosis; Lou Gehrig's disease

Question 78

Gage argues that hereditary and environmental forces can never be understood separately, since they are continually influencing each other. This statement is best considered to reflect the concept of:

A) independent assortment
B) gene-environment interactions
C) recombinant processes
D) polygenetic inheritance

Question 79

Color blindness is a sex-linked trait. As such, if a child is color blind, we can be assured that the child's genotype includes:

A) a recessive gene on the X chromosome inherited from his mother
B) a dominant gene on the X chromosome inherited from his mother
C) a recessive gene on the Y chromosome inherited from his father
D) a dominant gene on the X chromosome inherited from his father

Question 80

The blood clotting disease, hemophilia, occurs much more frequently in males because it is caused by a recessive gene carried on the sex chromosomes. As such, it would be referred to as:

A) a heterozygous trait
B) a homozygous trait
C) a sex-linked trait
D) a codominant trait