Deck 41: Animal Nutrition

Question 1

Which of the following are most likely to have teeth adapted for grinding and/or tearing?

A) suspension feeders
B) mass feeders
C) deposit feeders
D) fluid feeders

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The accompanying table shows the contents of a multivitamin supplement and its percentage of recommended daily values (% DV).

The most likely reason that some of the vitamins and minerals in this supplement are found at less than 100% is that ________.

A) it would be chemically impossible to add more
B) these vitamins and minerals are too large in size to reach 100%
C) it is too easy to overdose on minerals such as phosphorus and calcium
D) it is dangerous to overdose on fat-soluble vitamins such as A and K

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Important dietary minerals include all of the following EXCEPT ________.

A) lead
B) calcium
C) magnesium
D) iron
E) potassium

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The molar teeth of herbivorous mammals are especially effective at ________.

A) cutting
B) ripping
C) grinding
D) splitting
E) piercing

Question 5

Certain nutrients are considered "essential" in the diets of some animals because ________.

A) only those animals use those nutrients
B) the nutrients are subunits of important polymers
C) these animals are not able to synthesize these nutrients
D) the nutrients are necessary coenzymes
E) only certain foods contain them

Question 6

Refer to the following nutrition label to answer the question(s) below.
Based on the label shown and the energy content of foods, how many food calories does the entire container of apple juice contain?

A) 120
B) 240
C) 480
D) 960

Question 7

If you found a vertebrate skull in the woods and the teeth were sharp and scissor-like, what type of food would you expect this animal to eat?

A) grass
B) flesh of another animal
C) nectar
D) blood

Question 8

Three groups of cyclists consumed three different types of diets: high-carbohydrate; a diet mixed in carbohydrates, fat, and protein; or a diet higher in protein and fat. The average time each group could spend cycling over a six-hour period is shown in the accompanying graph. What conclusion from the data would help an athlete or trainer improve performance?

A) Endurance is entirely related to diet.
B) Maintaining elevated blood sugar improves performance.
C) An early 50 percent drop in blood glucose is associated with improved endurance.
D) Diet is not at all related to endurance.

Question 9

The process of obtaining food is known as ________ and requires specialized mouthparts.

A) ingestion
B) digestion
C) absorption
D) excretion

Question 10

A mineral that is especially important for preventing anemia is ________.

A) zinc
B) iron
C) iodine
D) molybdenum
E) folic acid

Question 11

In a well-fed human eating a Western diet, the richest source of stored chemical energy in the body is ________.

A) fat in adipose tissue
B) glucose in the blood
C) protein in muscle cells
D) glycogen in muscle cells
E) calcium phosphate in bone

Question 12

To maintain adequate nutrition, animals require dietary access to certain amino acids. An amino acid that is NOT "essential" would be best described as one that ________.

A) can be made by the animal's body from other substances
B) is not used by the animal in biosynthesis
C) must be ingested in the diet
D) is not readily absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract
E) is not found in many proteins

Question 13

Refer to the following nutrition label to answer the question(s) below.
Based on the label shown, if a person consumes 2000 calories daily to maintain body weight, what percentage of the RDA for iron would this person receive from a serving of apple juice?

A) 20%
B) less than 20%
C) more than 20%

Question 14

Food labels provide nutrient information and express the amount of a given nutrient as ________.

A) a percentage of the Recommended Dietary Allowances
B) International Units
C) percent composition of the food product
D) calories

Question 15

What can the mouthparts of an animal tell you about its diet?

A) Mouthparts provide clues about the specific foods an animal pursues.
B) Mouthparts provide clues about the type of digestion that goes on in the stomach.
C) Mouthparts provide clues about the rate of nutrient absorption.
D) Mouthparts of all animals are designed to reduce the size of the food particles ingested.

Question 16

What is the importance of consuming an adequate amount of proteins in the diet?

A) They are most commonly used to meet energy demands of cells.
B) Proteins serve a variety of functions, and the body requires amino acids in the diet to build new protein.
C) They are used as cofactors for metabolic reactions and are required in minute quantities.
D) Proteins are necessary to produce urea and other important metabolites.

Question 17

Refer to the following nutrition label to answer the question(s) below.
From the nutrition information contained on the label shown, you can infer that apple juice would be useful in the treatment of which of the following conditions caused by vitamin deficiencies?

A) beriberi
B) scurvy
C) anemia
D) rickets

Question 18

Which pair correctly associates a biochemical process with the appropriate mineral associated with its use in animals?

A) maintenance of bone-calcium
B) glucose synthesis-iodine
C) thyroid hormone synthesis-iron
D) nucleic acid synthesis-sulfur

Question 19

Animals that migrate great distances would obtain the greatest energetic benefit from storing chemical energy as ________.

A) proteins
B) minerals
C) carbohydrates
D) amino acids
E) fats

Question 20

Which pair correctly associates a physiological process with the appropriate vitamin?

A) blood clotting-vitamin C
B) production of red blood cells-vitamin B12
C) synthesis of cell membranes-vitamin D
D) promote cellular oxidation- folate

Question 21

Which of the following molecules are absorbed from the lumen of the small intestine into epithelial cells through simple diffusion?

A) monosaccharides
B) disaccharides and trisaccharides
C) lipids
D) amino acids

Question 22

Which of the following animals is correctly paired with its feeding mechanism?

A) lion-suspension feeder
B) baleen whale-fluid feeder
C) aphid-suspension feeder
D) clam-deposit feeder
E) snake-mass feeder

Question 23

Birds have an expanded region of the gut associated with the temporary storage of food, which is called the ________.

A) gastric cecae
B) larynx
C) crop
D) pharynx
E) epiglottis

Question 24

The chemical digestion of proteins begins in the ________.

A) mouth
B) stomach
C) small intestine
D) bloodstream

Question 25

The large surface area in the gut directly facilitates ________.

A) secretion
B) absorption
C) elimination
D) filtration
E) temperature regulation

Question 26

When a woman has her gallbladder removed, she should probably reduce her consumption of ________.

A) proteins
B) carbohydrates
C) fats
D) proteins and carbohydrates

Question 27

Because the foods eaten by animals are often composed largely of macromolecules, animals need to have mechanisms for ________.

A) elimination
B) water absorption
C) enzymatic digestion
D) regurgitation
E) demineralization

Question 28

If you place a small piece of a cracker on your tongue, what would you expect to happen?

A) The vitamins in the cracker will be immediately absorbed.
B) Salivary amylase will hydrolyze the starch in the cracker into the disaccharide maltose.
C) The proteins in the cracker will begin to be digested.
D) The flavor becomes less noticeable because the sugars are digested.

Question 29

A carnivorous diet is associated with ________.

A) jagged, sharp molars
B) a rumen
C) ingestion of feces
D) salivary amylase
E) a long cecum

Question 30

When partially digested food enters the small intestine from the stomach, several events must occur to protect the intestine and allow for the continued digestion of the food. One hormone in particular performs two of these functions. What intestinal hormone is responsible for causing the pancreas to release digestive enzymes and the gallbladder to release bile salts into the intestine?

A) secretin
B) cholecystokinin
C) insulin
D) epinephrine
E) corticosterone

Question 31

The function of mechanical digestion is to break down large chunks of food into smaller pieces. Why is this important? Smaller pieces of food ________.

A) do not taste as good as larger pieces of food
B) have more surface area for chemical digestion than do larger pieces of food
C) are easier to excrete than are larger pieces of food
D) are more easily stored in the stomach than are larger pieces of food

Question 32

A major enzyme involved in protein digestion is ________.

A) pancreatic lipase
B) amylase
C) pepsin
D) lingual lipase

Question 33

An enlarged cecum is typical of ________.

A) rabbits, horses, and herbivorous bears
B) carnivorous animals
C) tubeworms that digest via symbionts
D) humans and other primates
E) tapeworms and other intestinal parasites

Question 34

A relatively long cecum is characteristic of animals that are ________.

A) carnivores
B) herbivores
C) autotrophs
D) heterotrophs
E) omnivores

Question 35

Cattle are able to survive on a diet consisting almost entirely of plant material because cattle ________.

A) are autotrophic
B) re-ingest their feces
C) manufacture all fifteen amino acids out of sugars in the liver
D) saliva has enzymes capable of digesting cellulose
E) have cellulose-digesting, symbiotic microorganisms in chambers of their stomachs

Question 36

In the digestive system, peristalsis is ________.

A) a process of fat emulsification in the small intestine
B) voluntary control of the rectal sphincters regulating defecation
C) the transport of nutrients to the liver through the hepatic portal vessel
D) a common cause of loss of appetite, fatigue, and dehydration
E) smooth muscle contractions that move food along the esophagus

Question 37

Low pH in the stomach is achieved by what process?

A) Parietal cells secrete HCl into the lumen of the stomach.
B) Chief cells secrete acid into the lumen of the stomach.
C) Parietal cells produce pepsinogen that lowers stomach pH once it enters the stomach.
D) Chief cells produce pepsinogen that lowers stomach pH once it enters the stomach.

Question 38

Variations in the pharyngeal jaws between species of cichlids have contributed to an adaptive radiation by these fishes because ________.

A) pharyngeal jaws permit the cichlids to efficiently eat only other fish
B) pharyngeal jaws permit enhanced respiration in the Rift Lakes of East Africa
C) the different pharyngeal jaws found in each cichlid species permit diet specialization
D) pharyngeal jaws are the basis of mate selection that leads to speciation

Question 39

Coprophagy is important for the nutritional balance of ________.

A) ruminants such as cows
B) insects and arthropods
C) rabbits and their relatives
D) squirrels and some rodents
E) very large animals, such as elephants

Question 40

The pharyngeal jaws of different cichlid fishes function for

A) crushing snails.
B) tearing fish scales.
C) compacting algae.
D) All of the above are functions of cichlid fishes' jaws.

Question 41

Which of the following is a major function of a gizzard?

A) mechanical digestion
B) HCl secretion
C) mucus secretion
D) nutrient absorption
E) enzyme secretion

Question 42

Over-the-counter medications for acid reflux or heartburn block the production of stomach acid. Which of the following cells are directly affected by this medication?

A) goblet cells
B) chief cells
C) parietal cells
D) smooth muscle cells

Question 43

Examine the digestive system structures in the accompanying figure. Most of the digestion of fats occurs in structure(s) ________.

A) 3 only
B) 4 only
C) 1 and 4
D) 3 and 4
E) 1, 3, and 4

Question 44

Coprophagy benefits animals by allowing them to ________.

A) hide their feces from predators
B) absorb more nutrients from food
C) ferment their feces in their stomachs
D) digest starches in their stomach
E) All of the above are benefits of coprophagy.

Question 45

Helicobacter pylori is a bacterial organism that causes ulcers and digestive disturbances. How might these organisms survive the acid pH of the stomach?

A) They secrete buffers to neutralize acid.
B) They live under the mucus layer that covers the stomach epithelium.
C) They take over the parietal cells.
D) They release chemicals that decrease acid production in the stomach.

Question 46

Villi and microvilli in the small intestine ________.

A) neutralize stomach acid
B) activate trypsinogen
C) increase the surface area to increase the efficiency of nutrient absorption
D) emulsify lipid molecules

Question 47

Examine the digestive system structures in the accompanying figure. Bacteria that produce vitamins are found in the greatest concentration in location ________.

A) 3
B) 4
C) 5
D) 7
E) 8

Question 48

Which of the following organs is correctly paired with its function?

A) stomach-protein digestion
B) oral cavity-fat absorption
C) large intestine-bile production
D) small intestine-starch digestion
E) pancreas-starch digestion

Question 49

Peristalsis is the ________.

A) movement of the muscular layer surrounding the alimentary canal that is under voluntary control
B) rhythmic waves of contraction of the muscular layers surrounding the alimentary canal that are responsible for moving contents of the lumen along the length of the digestive tract
C) movement of nerve impulses from the central nervous system to the autorhythmic smooth muscle cells
D) rhythmic lengthening and shortening of epithelial cells lining the lumen of the alimentary canal

Question 50

Food being digested in the stomach is in a highly acidic environment. When the food is released from the stomach into the small intestine, why is the environment no longer acidic?

A) Bicarbonate ions from the pancreas and bile salts from the gallbladder enter the small intestine and neutralize the stomach acid.
B) Enterokinase activates trypsinogen, thus neutralizing the stomach acid.
C) Bile salts from the gallbladder emulsify fats, raising the pH.
D) When pepsinogen activates pepsin, one result is the neutralization of stomach acid in the stomach.

Question 51

Why did scientists originally hypothesize that proteolytic enzymes such as pepsin and trypsin are secreted in inactive form?

A) These proteolytic enzymes, in active form, would digest the very tissues that synthesize them.
B) They identified the hormone that activates pepsin and trypsin.
C) The stomach is too acidic to maintain these enzymes in their active form.
D) Pepsin and trypsin have never been isolated in their fully activated form.

Question 52

Examine the digestive system structures in the accompanying figure. The highest rate of nutrient absorption occurs at location ________.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 4
D) 5
E) 8

Question 53

You are most likely to observe coprophagy in ________.

A) carnivores
B) herbivores
C) fluid feeders
D) suspension feeders

Question 54

An advantage of a complete digestive system over a gastrovascular cavity is that the complete system ________.

A) excludes the need for extracellular digestion
B) allows for specialized regions with specialized functions
C) allows digestive enzymes to be more specific
D) allows extensive branching
E) facilitates intracellular digestion

Question 55

Examine the digestive system structures in the accompanying figure. The agents that help emulsify fats are produced in location ________.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 8
E) 9

Question 56

Upon activation by stomach acidity, the secretions of the parietal cells ________.

A) initiate the chemical digestion of protein in the stomach
B) initiate the mechanical digestion of lipids in the stomach
C) initiate the chemical digestion of lipids in the stomach
D) include pepsinogen
E) delay digestion until the food arrives in the small intestine

Question 57

What is the importance of the mucus that is released by salivary glands?

A) Mucus aids in degradation of triglycerides to fatty acids and monoglycerides.
B) Mucus secretions are beginning the process of starch digestion.
C) Mucus contains hormonal molecules that stimulate the release of gastric juice by the stomach in anticipation of receipt of the contents of the mouth.
D) Mucus contains glycoproteins that make food slippery enough to slide easily through the esophagus.

Question 58

The mammalian trachea and esophagus both connect to the ________.

A) large intestine
B) stomach
C) pharynx
D) rectum
E) epiglottis

Question 59

Stomach cells are moderately well adapted to the acidity and protein-digesting activities in the stomach by having ________.

A) a sufficient colony of H. pylori
B) a thick, mucous secretion and active mitosis of epithelial cells
C) a high level of secretion of enzymes by chief cells
D) a high level of secretion of bases from parietal cells
E) a cell wall impermeable to acid

Question 60

Historically inaccurate diagnosis of acid reflux disorders and gastric ulcers has been improved by ________.

A) pH monitoring
B) X-ray technology
C) screening for H. pylori infections
D) colonoscopy
E) sonography

Question 61

An example of an enzyme with high activity in an acidic environment is ________.

A) amylase
B) pepsin
C) gastrin
D) trypsin
E) sucrose

Question 62

The appendix is referred to as vestigial because ________.

A) it does not perform any obvious vital function
B) it is important in maintaining the microorganisms that inhabit the gut
C) it cannot be surgically removed
D) it stores toxic wastes that build up in the large intestine

Question 63

Glucose is transported from the intestinal lumen into epithelial cells through ________ and from the intestinal epithelium into circulation by ________.

A) facilitated diffusion; primary active transport
B) cotransport with sodium; cotransport with sodium
C) cotransport with sodium; facilitated diffusion
D) active transport; active transport

Question 64

Constipation occurs when feces become overhardened. It can result from the consumption of a substance that ________.

A) contains plenty of fiber
B) promotes water reabsorption in the large intestine
C) speeds up movement of material in the large intestine
D) decreases water reabsorption in the small intestine
E) stimulates peristalsis

Question 65

Ingested dietary substances must cross cell membranes to be used by the body. This process is known as ________.

A) ingestion
B) digestion
C) hydrolysis
D) absorption
E) elimination

Question 66

Orlistat is an anti-obesity drug that acts to decrease the amount of fat that is absorbed by binding to enzymes that digest fat. Which of the following are potential targets of orlistat?

A) salivary amylase
B) pepsidase
C) pancreatic lipase
D) secretin

Question 67

The bile salts ________.

A) are enzymes
B) are manufactured by the pancreas
C) emulsify fats in the duodenum
D) increase the efficiency of pepsin action
E) are normally an ingredient of gastric juice

Question 68

The large intestine carries out all of the following functions EXCEPT ________.

A) absorption of water
B) production of vitamin K
C) compaction of feces
D) storage of toxins

Question 69

After ingestion by humans, which macromolecule(s) begin(s) chemical digestion by enzymes in the mouth?
I) protein
II) fat
III) nucleic acids
IV) carbohydrates

A) I
B) II and IV
C) I, II, and III
D) IV
E) I and IV

Question 70

A significant contribution of intestinal bacteria to human nutrition is the benefit of bacterial ________.

A) production of vitamins A and C
B) generation of gases needed for elimination
C) absorption of organic materials
D) production of vitamin K
E) recovery of water from fecal matter

Question 71

The absorption of simple sugars and amino acids in the small intestine occurs by ________.

A) simple diffusion
B) exocytosis
C) facilitated diffusion
D) bulk flow
E) osmosis

Question 72

Pepsin is a digestive enzyme that ________.

A) is manufactured by the pancreas
B) helps stabilize fat-water emulsions
C) splits maltose into monosaccharides
D) begins the digestion of proteins in the stomach
E) is denatured and rendered inactive in solutions with low pH

Question 73

Digestive secretions with a pH of 2 are characteristic of the ________.

A) small intestine
B) stomach
C) pancreas
D) liver
E) mouth

Question 74

For a nondiabetic person, the greatest variation in glucose concentration occurs in this part of the circulatory system.

A) femoral artery
B) coronary arteries
C) pulmonary veins
D) hepatic portal vein
E) jugular vein

Question 75

Aquaporins have been identified in the epithelium of the large intestine. What is the function of these aquaporins?

A) to secrete water into the large intestine
B) to reabsorb water from the lumen of the large intestine
C) to regulate solute transport from the feces to the body
D) to release hormones involved in regulating digestive processes of the large intestine

Question 76

Fat digestion yields fatty acids and glycerol, whereas protein digestion yields amino acids; both digestive processes ________.

A) are catalyzed by the same enzyme
B) are intracellular processes in all organisms
C) are catalyzed by enzymes produced in the pancreas
D) require the presence of hydrochloric acid to lower the pH
E) require adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as an energy source

Question 77

The absorption of fats differs from that of carbohydrates in that ________.

A) the processing of fats does not require any digestive enzymes, whereas the processing of carbohydrates does
B) fat absorption primarily occurs in the stomach, whereas carbohydrates are absorbed from the small intestine
C) carbohydrates need to be emulsified before they can be digested, whereas fats do not
D) most absorbed fat first enters the lymphatic system, whereas carbohydrates directly enter the blood
E) fats, but not carbohydrates, are digested by bacteria before absorption

Question 78

Salivary amylase digests ________.

A) protein
B) starches
C) monosaccharides
D) glucose
E) maltose

Question 79

Complex macromolecules in food are digested and then absorbed into the lymph or bloodstream as ________.

A) polysaccharides
B) polymers
C) monomers
D) enzymes
E) peptides

Question 80

Pancreatic enzymes are involved in the digestion of ________.
I) protein
II) fat
III) nucleic acids
IV) carbohydrates

A) I and III
B) II and IV
C) I, II, and IV
D) II, III, and IV
E) I, II, III, and IV