Deck 38: Plant Reproduction and Development

Question 1

Which of the following is the correct sequence during alternation of generations in the life cycle in a flowering plant?

A) sporophyte → meiosis → spores → gametophyte → gametes → fertilization → zygote
B) sporophyte → mitosis → spores → gametophyte → meiosis → sporophyte
C) gametophyte → meiosis → gametes → fertilization → sporophyte
D) sporophyte → mitosis → spores → gametophyte → meiosis → gametes
E) sporophyte → mitosis → spores → fertilization → gametophyte

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following statements about double fertilization in angiosperms is correct?

A) One pollen grain combines with the egg to form the zygote, and one pollen grain combines with the polar nuclei to form endosperm.
B) Two sperm combine with a polar nucleus to form endosperm.
C) Two pollen grains combine with two ovules to form the zygote and endosperm.
D) One sperm combines with the polar nuclei to form the zygote, and one sperm combines with the egg to form endosperm.
E) One sperm combines with the egg to form the zygote, and one sperm combines with the polar nuclei to form endosperm.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the ploidy level of the cells found in a fertilized embryo sac?

A) All cells are diploid.
B) All cells are triploid.
C) All cells are polyploid.
D) The ploidy level varies among species.
E) There are haploid, diploid, and triploid cells.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

In the process of alternation of generations, the ________.

A) sporophyte is haploid and produces gametes
B) sporophyte is diploid and produces spores
C) gametophyte is haploid and produces spores
D) gametophyte is diploid and produces gametes
E) spores unite to form a zygote

Question 5

Which of the following is (are) TRUE in plants?
I) Mitosis occurs in gametophytes to produce gametes.
II) Meiosis occurs in sporophytes to produce spores.
III) The gametophyte is within the flower in angiosperms.

A) only I
B) only II
C) only III
D) only I and II
E) I, II, and III

Question 6

Microsporangia in flowering plants are located in the ________.

A) stamen
B) carpel
C) petals
D) sepals
E) receptacle

Question 7

Which of the following is a correct sequence of processes that takes place when a flowering plant reproduces?

A) meiosis → fertilization → pollination → germination
B) fertilization → meiosis → nuclear fusion → formation of embryo and endosperm
C) meiosis → pollination → nuclear fusion → formation of embryo and endosperm
D) growth of pollen tube → pollination → germination → fertilization
E) meiosis → mitosis → nuclear fusion → pollination

Question 8

In the life cycle of an angiosperm, which of the following stages is diploid?

A) megaspore
B) generative nucleus of a pollen grain
C) polar nuclei of the embryo sac
D) microsporocyte
E) both megaspore and polar nuclei

Question 9

In plants, spores and gametes ________.

A) are both produced by mitosis
B) are both haploid
C) both divide by mitosis
D) typically fuse with two other cells to form a new organism
E) are made by a sporophyte

Question 10

Which set contains the most closely related terms?

A) megasporangium, megaspore, pollen, ovule
B) microsporangium, microspore, egg, ovary
C) megasporangium, megaspore, egg, ovule
D) microsporangium, microspore, carpel, ovary

Question 11

A researcher has developed two stains for use with seed plants. One stains sporophyte tissue blue; the other stains gametophyte tissue red. If the researcher exposes pollen grains to both stains and then rinses away the excess stain, what should occur?

A) The pollen grains will be pure red.
B) The pollen grains will be pure blue.
C) The pollen grains will have red interiors and blue exteriors.
D) The pollen grains will have blue interiors and red exteriors.
E) Insofar as the pollen grains are independent of the plant that produced them, they will not absorb either stain.

Question 12

Use the following information to answer the question below.
The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels (n = 17), is native to tropical rain forests of South America. It is a hardwood tree that can grow to over 50 meters tall, is a source of high-quality lumber, and is a favorite nesting site for harpy eagles. As the rainy season ends, tough-walled fruits, each containing 8 to 25 seeds (Brazil nuts), fall to the forest floor. Brazil nuts are composed primarily of endosperm. About $50 million worth of nuts are harvested each year. Scientists have discovered that the pale yellow flowers of Brazil nut trees cannot fertilize themselves and admit only female orchid bees as pollinators. The agouti (Dasyprocta spp.), a cat-sized rodent, is the only animal with teeth strong enough to crack the hard wall of Brazil nut fruits. It typically eats some of the seeds, buries others, and leaves still others inside the fruit, which moisture can now enter. The uneaten seeds may subsequently germinate.
If a female orchid bee has just left a Brazil nut tree with nectar in her stomach, and if she visits another flower on a different Brazil nut tree, what is the sequence in which the following events should occur?
1) double fertilization
2) pollen tube emerges from pollen grain
3) pollen tube enters micropyle
4) pollination

A) 4, 2, 3, 1
B) 4, 2, 1, 3
C) 4, 3, 2, 1
D) 2, 4, 3, 1
E) 2, 4, 1, 3

Question 13

Which of the following correctly pairs a flower part with its function?

A) sepals-protect the flower bud
B) petals-attract seed-dispersing animals
C) the stigma-produces nectar
D) the carpel-produces pollen

Question 14

The ovary is most often located in the ________.

A) stamen
B) carpel
C) petals
D) sepals
E) receptacle

Question 15

In flowering plants, a mature male gametophyte contains ________.

A) two haploid gametes and a diploid pollen grain
B) a generative cell and a tube cell
C) two sperm cells and one tube cell
D) two haploid microspores
E) a haploid nucleus and a diploid pollen wall

Question 16

The functional role of sporopollenin is primarily to ________.

A) comprise spore surface structures that catch the wind and assist in spore dispersal
B) reduce dehydration
C) make spores less dense and able to disperse more readily
D) repel toxic chemicals
E) provide nutrients to spores

Question 17

Angiosperms are the most successful terrestrial plants. Which of the following features is unique to them and helps account for their success?

A) wind pollination
B) dominant gametophytes
C) fruits enclosing seeds
D) embryos enclosed within seed coats
E) sperm cells without flagella

Question 18

Where does meiosis occur in a flowering plant?
I) megasporocyte
II) microsporocyte
III) endosperm
IV) pollen tube

A) only I
B) only II
C) only III
D) I and III
E) I and II

Question 19

Stamens, sepals, petals, and carpels are ________.

A) female reproductive parts
B) capable of photosynthesis
C) modified leaves
D) found on all flowers
E) found on both gymnosperms and angiosperms

Question 20

A mature, unfertilized ovule in an angiosperm is the result of ________.

A) a single meiotic division
B) a single mitotic division
C) both meiotic and mitotic divisions
D) mitosis from the megaspore mother cell
E) differentiation from the suspensor tissues

Question 21

The MONOPTEROS gene in Arabidopsis encodes a protein that is similar in its function to which animal protein?

A) MyoD in frog embryos
B) Bicoid in fruit fly embryos
C) keratin in human embryos

Question 22

Fruits have contributed to the success of angiosperms by ________.

A) nourishing the plants that make them
B) facilitating dispersal of seeds
C) attracting insects to the pollen inside
D) producing sperm and eggs inside a protective coat
E) producing triploid cells via double fertilization

Question 23

What adaptations should one expect of the seed coats of angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by frugivorous (fruit-eating) animals, as opposed to angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by other means?
1) The exterior of the seed coat should have barbs or hooks.
2) The seed coat should contain secondary compounds that irritate the lining of the animal's mouth.
3) The seed coat should be able to withstand low pHs.
4) The seed coat, upon its complete digestion, should provide vitamins or nutrients to animals.
5) The seed coat should be resistant to the animals' digestive enzymes.

A) 4 only
B) 1 and 2
C) 2 and 3
D) 3 and 5
E) 3, 4, and 5

Question 24

A researcher found a beautiful plant while traveling in Alaska and collected its seeds. When she came back to Florida, she soaked some seeds in pure water and some in water with a hormone. When she put the seeds in soil to grow, only the seeds that had been soaked with the hormone germinated. The hormone most likely was ________.

A) gibberellin
B) abscisic acid (ABA)
C) auxin
D) ethylene

Question 25

Fruits develop from ________.

A) microsporangia
B) receptacles
C) fertilized eggs
D) ovaries
E) ovules

Question 26

If a hypocotyl does NOT elongate during seed germination and early seedling growth, where will the cotyledons be?

A) aboveground and above the seed
B) aboveground and below the seed
C) in the ground with the seed coat

Question 27

Which of the following would be considered a multiple fruit?

A) apple
B) strawberry
C) raspberry
D) pineapple
E) corn on the cob

Question 28

Which of the following "vegetables" is botanically a fruit?

A) potato
B) lettuce
C) radish
D) celery
E) green beans

Question 29

Embryogenesis in plants is about the same process as ________.

A) cleavage in animals
B) gastrulation in animals
C) organogenesis in animals
D) cleavage and organogenesis in animals

Question 30

Plant and animal development share a number of features, but differ in major ways. Which of the following is a key difference between plants and animals?

A) Animals typically produce gametes by meiosis; plants produce gametes by mitosis.
B) Animal development is controlled by regulatory gene sets such as Hox genes; plants have no similar control systems.
C) Animal gametes are produced only after maturity is reached; plant gametes are produced throughout a plant's lifetime.

Question 31

Many seeds are capable of surviving in a dormant or quiescent state for many years, or even centuries. Such seeds are not usually damaged by environmental extremes that would kill most other organisms. What main adaptation prevents the seeds from germinating before they are dispersed and allows them to survive until environmental conditions are favorable for germination and seedling growth?

A) a seed coat
B) two cotyledons
C) a large quantity of stored nutrients
D) desiccation to 5% to 20% water
E) double fertilization

Question 32

Communication within and between cells of an embryo can include all of the following EXCEPT ________.

A) increased concentration of signaling molecules
B) changes in binding to regulatory sequences
C) changes in gene transcription
D) changes in gene sequences

Question 33

Based on the accompanying figure, after fertilization, which cell(s) give(s) rise to the embryo plant?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 34

Plant and animal development share a number of features but differ in major ways as well. Which of the following best summarizes the similarities between the two forms of development?

A) Both plants and animals develop following a process of single fertilization.
B) Both plants and animals produce specialized tissues through irreversible processes of determination and differentiation.
C) Both plants and animals produce gametes via meiosis followed by mitosis of haploid cells.
D) Both plant and animal development depend on precise control of gene expression in time and in space.

Question 35

In development of animals, but not in development of plants, ________.

A) gene expression in developing embryonic tissues is closely regulated
B) orientation of cells and tissues is critical for proper development
C) differentiation of cells is directed and maintained by cascades of molecular signals
D) once cells are differentiated, they cannot de-differentiate and re-differentiate

Question 36

________ prevents seeds from germinating until conditions are favorable for the growth of the plant.

A) Ethylene
B) Auxin
C) Zeaxanthin
D) Gibberellin
E) Abscisic acid

Question 37

Among plants known as legumes (beans, peas, alfalfa, clover, for example), the seeds are contained in a fruit that is itself called a legume, better known as a pod. Upon opening such pods, it is commonly observed that some ovules have become mature seeds, whereas other ovules have not. Which of the following statements is (are) TRUE?
1) The flowers that gave rise to such pods were not pollinated.
2) Pollen tubes did not enter all of the ovules in such pods.
3) There was apparently not enough endosperm to distribute to all of the ovules in such pods.
4) The ovules that failed to develop into seeds were derived from sterile floral parts.
5) Fruit can develop, even if all ovules within have not been fertilized.

A) 1 only
B) 1 and 5
C) 2 and 4
D) 2 and 5
E) 3 and 5

Question 38

Endosperm is a major part of monocot seeds. In most eudicots, ________.

A) the same thing is true; there is a substantial amount of endosperm
B) endosperm never even starts to form after double fertilization
C) endosperm nutrients are repackaged into the cotyledons
D) endosperm replaces cotyledons in the seed

Question 39

What is the first step in the germination of a seed?

A) pollination
B) fertilization
C) imbibition
D) hydrolysis of starch and other food reserves
E) emergence of the radicle

Question 40

Which of the following occur during the formation of an embryo from a zygote in angiosperms?
I) The root and shoot systems emerge from the seed.
II) The basal cell forms a suspensor that provides a route for nutrient transfer between the parent plant and the developing embryo.
III) Meiosis produces a mass of cells that become the young embryo.
IV) Cells differentiate to form the basic plant tissue types.
V) The early root-shoot axis is formed.

A) I, II, and III
B) II, IV, and V
C) II, III, IV, and V
D) I, II, and IV
E) III, IV, and V

Question 41

Growth and development of plant parts involves ________.
I) cell division to produce new cells
II) enlargement and elongation of cells
III) specialization of cells into tissues

A) only I
B) only II
C) only III
D) I and III
E) I, II, and III

Question 42

If the expression of the PHAN gene is blocked in plants, what will be the likely result?

A) Plants will fail to develop leaves.
B) Plants will develop more leaves than usual.
C) Plants will develop leaves in very simple shapes.
D) Plants will develop leaves in inappropriate places.

Question 43

Which of the following is TRUE about vegetative reproduction?

A) It involves both meiosis and mitosis to produce haploid and diploid cells.
B) It results in the production of fruits.
C) It involves only meiosis.
D) It can lead to genetically altered forms of the species.
E) It produces clones of the parent plant.

Question 44

According to the ABC model of floral development, which genes would be expressed in a showy ornamental flower with multiple sepals and petals but no stamens or carpels?

A) A genes only
B) B genes only
C) C genes only
D) A and B genes only
E) A and C genes only

Question 45

You have a plant that naturally exhibits simple leaves, but you would like to change the shape of the leaves from simple to compound. What gene could you over express in your plant to induce compound leaf formation?

A) bicoid
B) MONOPTEROS
C) PHANTASTICA
D) cytoplasmic determinants
E) Sonic hedgehog

Question 46

The ABC genes in Arabidopsis are considered homeotic genes. What could be a reason for this classification?

A) Each of the three genes codes for a different flower organ.
B) Each gene codes for regulatory transcription factors.
C) Each gene is similar in sequence to homeotic genes in Drosophila.
D) Each gene codes for proteins similar to Hox genes in mice.

Question 47

Meristematic tissue cells in plants are most similar to which kind of cells in animals?

A) somite cells
B) ectodermal cells
C) embryonic stem cells
D) mesodermal cells

Question 48

In the early plant embryo, cells divide asymmetrically. Which structure does NOT result from divisions of the apical (terminal) cell?

A) the suspensor
B) the cotyledons
C) the hypocotyls
D) the shoot

Question 49

Which of the following is the correct order of floral organs from the outside to the inside of a complete flower?

A) petals → sepals → stamens → carpels
B) sepals → stamens → petals → carpels
C) spores → gametes → zygote → embryo
D) sepals → petals → stamens → carpels
E) male gametophyte → female gametophyte → sepals → petals

Question 50

Based on the ABC model, what would be the structure of a flower from the outermost whorl that had normal expression of genes A and C and expression of gene B in all four whorls?

A) carpel-petal-petal-carpel
B) petal-petal-stamen-stamen
C) sepal-carpel-carpel-sepal
D) sepal-sepal-carpel-carpel
E) carpel-carpel-carpel-carpel

Question 51

The floral meristem in flowering plants develops from the shoot apical meristem, which usually produces leaves. Which floral part is NOT a modified leaf?

A) sepal
B) carpel
C) stamen
D) pollen tube