Deck 22: The Urinary System

Question 1

Mei had high blood pressure, so her physician gave her a prescription for a certain drug that lowered her blood pressure by allowing more sodium ions to be excreted in the urine. This drug interfered with the making of ________.

A) erythropoietin
B) atrial natriuretic hormone
C) angiotensin II
D) growth hormone

Answer 1

C

Question 2

An individual is moderately dehydrated and reaches for a beer to quench his thirst. Although this person thinks that he is hydrating himself, he is actually causing additional dehydration. Why is this the case?

A) The alcohol in the beer inhibits antidiuretic hormone.
B) The alcohol in the beer causes a decrease in sodium reabsorption in the nephron.
C) The alcohol in the beer inhibits aldosterone.
D) The alcohol in the beer causes an increase in the activity of renin.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Thick, smooth muscle located at the junction of the bladder and urethra that aids in pushing stored urine into the urethra is called the ________.

A) external urethral sphincter
B) internal urethral sphincter
C) urinary sphincter
D) medial urethral sphincter

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Aldosterone stimulates the reabsorption of sodium ions here.

A) glomerular capsule
B) proximal convoluted tubule
C) loop of the nephron
D) distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

Question 5

The organs that eliminate waste from the body do not include ________.

A) skin
B) lungs
C) heart
D) kidneys

Question 6

Urinalysis shows that Marianne has large amounts of protein in her urine. The area of the nephron that must be malfunctioning is the ________.

A) loop of the nephron
B) distal convoluted tubule
C) glomerulus
D) collecting duct

Question 7

Which of the following is a disease characterized by the excretion of large amounts of dilute urine caused by a deficiency of ADH?

A) diabetes mellitus
B) diabetes insipidus
C) pyelonephritis
D) cystitis

Question 8

The filtrate moves out of the glomerular capsule to the ________ and then to the loop of the nephron.

A) proximal convoluted tubule
B) juxtaglomerular apparatus
C) collecting duct
D) renal pelvis

Question 9

Someone who has just had a glass of wine will soon make less of this hormone.

A) renin
B) aldosterone
C) atrial natriuretic peptide
D) antidiuretic hormone

Question 10

The hormone erythropoietin acts to stimulate cells that are located in the ________ of an adult.

A) blood
B) kidneys
C) spleen
D) red bone marrow

Question 11

Which is a hormone that reduces blood volume and pressure by pulling more water out of the blood and increases urine volume?

A) erythropoietin
B) atrial natriuretic hormone
C) aldosterone
D) renin

Question 12

Which of these people is most likely to have kidney trauma in an accident?

A) an obese older individual
B) a person of average weight
C) an obese younger person
D) an elderly person with almost no body fat

Question 13

Urine moves from the renal pelvis to the ________ next.

A) nephron
B) ureter
C) urethra
D) uterus

Question 14

What benefit do animals get from having very long loops of the nephron?

A) They can send more glucose back to circulation.
B) They make less nitrogenous waste products.
C) They can send more water back to circulation.
D) They can excrete more salt.

Question 15

When a person's blood pH is too low, the kidneys will restore a healthier balance by ________.

A) secreting more sodium ions into the urine
B) reabsorbing more hydrogen ions from the filtrate
C) secreting excess hydrogen ions into urine
D) slowing ventilation

Question 16

A region of the nephron that regulates the blood pressure in the afferent arteriole, which stimulates the release of aldosterone, is the ________.

A) loop of the nephron
B) glomerular capsule
C) juxtaglomerular apparatus
D) glomerulus

Question 17

Substances such as alcohol that promote the formation of urine are known as ________.

A) diuretics
B) renal stimulators
C) antidiuretics
D) hormones

Question 18

Samara is an astronaut in deep space away from gravity. How could her urine move away from the kidneys and to the bladder in such a situation?

A) skeletal muscle movements
B) peristalsis
C) the Valsalva maneuver
D) bladder suction pressure

Question 19

Which of the following is a hormone that regulates the reabsorption of sodium by the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts?

A) angiotensin
B) ANP
C) ADH
D) aldosterone

Question 20

Which of the following does not normally move to any great extent from the blood into the filtrate at the renal corpuscle?

A) plasma proteins
B) water
C) hydrogen ions
D) urea

Question 21

Filtrate moves from the space within the glomerular capsule to ________, the portion of the renal tubule with microvilli.

Question 22

Which of the following can be defined as the failure to empty urine completely from the bladder?

A) detrusor
B) urinary incontinence
C) urinary retention
D) urination

Question 23

The filtration of wastes from the blood using artificial devices because of failure or impairment of the kidneys is known as ________.

Question 24

If water were flowing from area A to area B via osmosis, through a semipermeable membrane, we might expect area B to be ________ in solute concentration compared to A.

Question 25

The glomerular capsule contains capillaries inside of it called the ________. Together they form the renal corpuscle.

Question 26

Which pathogen would most likely be responsible for a urinary tract infection caused by improper wiping after defecation?

A) Chlamydia
B) Escherichia coli
C) Mycoplasma
D) Salmonella

Question 27

If a person were stranded for two days with virtually no drinking water, you would expect the following to occur.

A) production of dilute urine
B) a decrease in antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion
C) a decrease in aldosterone secretion
D) production of concentrated urine

Question 28

The lack of voluntary control over urination due to the inability to control the external urethral sphincter is called ________.

A) urinary incontinence
B) renal failure
C) urination
D) micturition

Question 29

A patient has a tumor that causes her to secrete an excess amount of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). You would expect that the excessive level of ADH will ultimately cause ________.

A) decreased blood pressure
B) increased blood pressure
C) an increase in urine volume
D) increased ventilation rate

Question 30

You just drank several glasses of lemonade, which is highly acidic. Which of the following will occur in your urine?

A) Your urine will contain a lot of bicarbonate ions.
B) The pH of your urine will increase.
C) The pH of your urine will decrease.
D) There will not be any major changes to the urine.

Question 31

A portion of the renal tubule that resembles a hairpin turn that may have short loops or long loops is called the ________.

Question 32

________ is an active form of the protein that stimulates the adrenal gland to release aldosterone.

Question 33

The term ________ refers to a decrease or complete cessation of glomerular filtration.

Question 34

The functional units of the kidneys that are responsible for the formation of urine are called ________.

Question 35

The ________ of several nephrons empties into a single collecting duct that eventually drains into the renal pelvis.

Question 36

The peritoneum can function as a dialyzing membrane in a procedure called ________.

Question 37

The first portion of the nephron is responsible for filtering blood and is called the ________.

Question 38

One of the most significant complications associated with kidney failure is ________.

A) edema
B) an inability to regulate blood pH
C) an inability to regulate blood volume
D) All of the above are significant complications.

Question 39

Cloudy urine would indicate which of the following?

A) water imbalance
B) too much protein in the diet
C) bacteria in the urinary system
D) low pH

Question 40

Under the influence of antidiuretic hormone, you would expect to see an increase in ________.

A) plasma volume
B) blood pressure
C) urine volume
D) sodium reabsorption

Question 41

Relaxation of the ________ releases urine from the body.

Question 42

A 45-year-old diabetic has entered the hospital. Routine blood work shows that his blood pH is dropping and is currently at 7.3 (normal blood pH is about 7.4). Explain what could be occurring in the kidneys to cause a drop in blood pH. If the acidosis cannot be reversed quickly, what type of immediate treatment might the patient need to restore kidney function? There are two types of this treatment. How do they differ from each other? What sorts of complications might be expected?

Question 43

After a routine urinalysis, you get a report back from the lab. This report flags any abnormal values. For each of the values, indicate whether the test result is normal or abnormal. For any test results that are abnormal, speculate on what might have caused the abnormal value.

Question 44

The release of small amounts of urine due to sudden increases in abdominal pressure that force urine past the external sphincter is referred to as ________.

Question 45

The process of ________ involves the relaxation of the external urethral sphincter, emptying the bladder.

Question 46

What are some of the problems associated with kidney transplants, and what are some ways the issues can be resolved?

Question 47

Why is urinalysis used for medical and drug testing? Give several examples of tests that can be performed through urinalysis.

Question 48

Describe the path of urine from the kidney to the outside. Make sure your explanation includes all structures and muscles that are encountered as urine leaves the body.

Question 49

A 30-year-old female complains of frequent and painful urination. A urinalysis is performed, and the results indicate the presence of bacteria in the urine. What problem does this woman have? From an anatomical perspective, explain to the patient why she is more likely to suffer from this disorder than her husband. What sort of treatment would be appropriate?

Question 50

Suppose that your roommate is on a 48-hour fast for food and drink. This means that she has no nutrients or liquids entering her system. What would happen to her blood pressure, and why? What hormones would be triggered by the lack of incoming liquids? Explain how these hormones work and how the fast would affect her blood pressure and urine volume.

Question 51

Constant regulation of blood pH is critical. There are several processes (and several organ systems) involved in this regulation. Fully explain two different ways that blood pH is regulated by the urinary system.

Question 52

Compare and contrast hemodialysis and CAPD.

Question 53

In the male, an enlarged ________ gland may squeeze the urethra, causing urinary retention.