Question 1

If a pathogen penetrates nonspecific physical and chemical surface barriers, it breaks through the ________.&#10;A) first line of defense&#10;B) second line of defense&#10;C) third line of defense&#10;D) first and second lines of defense

Accepted Answer

The first line of defense comprises nonspecific physical and chemical surface barriers such as skin, mucous membranes, and secretions that prevent the entry of pathogens into the body. If a pathogen penetrates these barriers, it has broken through the first line of defense.

Question 2

This group of proteins can actually punch holes in pathogenic cells.&#10;A) complement system&#10;B) histamines&#10;C) fibrinogens&#10;D) interleukin I

Accepted Answer

The complement system is a group of proteins that can activate and amplify the immune response, as well as directly attack and destroy pathogenic cells. One of the mechanisms of attack is through the formation of membrane attack complexes, which can punch holes in the target cell's membrane, leading to its destruction. Histamines and interleukin I are not directly involved in punching holes in cells, while fibrinogens are involved in blood clotting rather than immune defense.

Question 3

Ivonna, 15, was exposed to the measles virus 13 days ago but doesn't seem to be getting sick. She was sick from the disease when she was 10, so her body has most likely activated this reaction.&#10;A) secondary response&#10;B) primary response&#10;C) final response&#10;D) anabasic

Accepted Answer

Since Ivonna was previously sick with the measles, her body has likely produced memory cells that can quickly recognize and respond to the virus upon exposure again. This is known as a secondary response, which is faster and more effective than the primary response that occurs during the first exposure to a pathogen.

Question 4

Which of the following is not a function of an antibody?&#10;A) activate complement cascade&#10;B) attract phagocytes&#10;C) stimulate helper T cells&#10;D) neutralize toxins

Accepted Answer

Antibodies do not directly stimulate helper T cells; rather, they may present antigens to these cells, which then activate other immune responses. Activating complement, attracting phagocytes, and neutralizing toxins are all functions of antibodies.

Question 5

Any substance that triggers an immune response in the body is called a(n) ________.&#10;A) MHC marker&#10;B) memory cell&#10;C) antigen&#10;D) complement

Accepted Answer

An antigen is any substance (such as a protein, carbohydrate, or nucleic acid) that can elicit an immune response in the body, leading to the production of antibodies or activation of immune cells. MHC markers are proteins on the surface of cells that help to identify the self vs. non-self cells, memory cells are a type of immune cell that helps the body respond quicker and more efficiently to future infections, and complement is a group of proteins that play a role in immune responses such as inflammation and destruction of pathogens.

Question 6

These white blood cells attack virus-infected cells in the body.&#10;A) helper T cells&#10;B) cytotoxic T cells&#10;C) suppressor T cells&#10;D) plasma cells

Accepted Answer

Cytotoxic T cells, also known as CD8+ T cells, recognize and attack cells that have been infected with viruses or transformed into cancer cells. They do this by releasing toxic substances that cause the infected cells to essentially commit suicide.

Question 7

Which is a type of lymphocyte that forms in the bone marrow but matures in the thymus gland?&#10;A) lymphoma&#10;B) T cell&#10;C) B cell&#10;D) none of the above

Accepted Answer

T cells are a type of lymphocyte that forms in the bone marrow but then matures in the thymus gland. Lymphomas are a type of cancer that affects lymphocytes, and B cells are a type of lymphocyte that matures in the bone marrow. Therefore, the correct answer is B.

Question 8

If a disease attacked this type of white blood cell, a person would no longer be able to mobilize his or her specific defenses.&#10;A) plasma cells&#10;B) helper T cells&#10;C) cytotoxic T lymphocytes&#10;D) B lymphocytes

Accepted Answer

Helper T cells play a crucial role in activating and coordinating the immune response by working with other immune cells such as B lymphocytes and cytotoxic T lymphocytes. If helper T cells were attacked by a disease, the person's immune system would not be able to effectively mount a specific defense against pathogens.

Question 9

A child may be given the vaccine for chickenpox. If the child goes to school and plays with other children who have the chickenpox virus, the vaccinated child will not get sick. Why is this?&#10;A) Vaccines act like antibiotics so that any organism in the body will be destroyed before the immune system has to respond.&#10;B) Vaccines introduce a friendly virus into cells so they cannot be infected with a second virus.&#10;C) Vaccines produce a primary response in which memory cells are generated that respond rapidly in a second exposure.&#10;D) Vaccines stimulate macrophages to work extra hard to fight infections.

Accepted Answer

Vaccines produce a primary immune response that generates memory cells. These memory cells recognize and respond rapidly to the same pathogen in a secondary exposure, preventing the vaccinated child from becoming sick when exposed to the chickenpox virus. Vaccines do not act like antibiotics, introduce friendly viruses into cells, or stimulate macrophages to work extra hard.

Question 10

Which antibody has the shape of a pentamer, or five-sided arrangement?&#10;A) IgA&#10;B) IgD&#10;C) IgM&#10;D) IgG

Accepted Answer

IgM has the shape of a pentamer, which means it is composed of five monomers joined together by a J chain. The pentameric structure allows IgM to have a high avidity for antigens and function effectively in complement activation.

Question 11

Juana is exhibiting redness, swelling, and elevated temperature in one area of her arm. She has a condition known as ________.&#10;A) anaphylactic shock&#10;B) inflammation&#10;C) asthma&#10;D) passive immunity

Accepted Answer

The answer of Juana is exhibiting redness, swelling, and elevated...

Question 12

Which of the following can be defined as small proteins that are secreted from virally infected cells to prevent the spread of the infection?&#10;A) macrophages&#10;B) mast cells&#10;C) immunoglobulins&#10;D) interferons

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following can be defined...

Question 13

Which of the following is not a strategy of the body to defend against foreign organisms and cancer cells?&#10;A) physical barrier&#10;B) adaptive immune response&#10;C) antibiotic pills&#10;D) internal cellular defense

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is not a...

Question 14

The release of stored memory B and T cells in response to a second encounter with an antigen is called ________.&#10;A) secondary response&#10;B) innate response&#10;C) immunity&#10;D) primary response

Accepted Answer

The answer of The release of stored memory B and...

Question 15

Which of the following is capable of resetting the thermostat of the body to cause a fever?&#10;A) antigen&#10;B) perforin&#10;C) complement&#10;D) pyrogen

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is capable of...

Question 16

A system that consists of a group of 20 proteins whose activities enhance the body's other defense mechanisms is called ________.&#10;A) antigen&#10;B) antibodies&#10;C) mast cell&#10;D) complement

Accepted Answer

The answer of A system that consists of a group...

Question 17

Antigens are substances that the immune system does not recognize as self. Which of the following are antigens?&#10;A) strep throat bacteria&#10;B) cancer cells in the lung&#10;C) HIV&#10;D) All of these can act as antigens.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Antigens are substances that the immune system...

Question 18

Descendant cells that are long-lived and &#34;remember&#34; a particular invader and mount a rapid intense response to it if it should reappear are ________.&#10;A) macrophages&#10;B) memory cells&#10;C) suppressor cells&#10;D) helper cells

Accepted Answer

The answer of Descendant cells that are long-lived and &#34;remember&#34;...

Question 19

Why are severe burn patients at extreme risk of infection?&#10;A) The skin is the first and primary barrier to preventing ingress of foreign substances.&#10;B) These patients have to stay in a hospital environment for a long time while being exposed to sick people.&#10;C) Most immune system cells are destroyed when the skin is damaged.&#10;D) The skin helps with the production of vitamin E, a necessary disease-fighting vitamin.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Why are severe burn patients at extreme...

Question 20

The eye is a warm, moist environment favored by many harmful bacteria. Nevertheless, eye infections are relatively rare. Why is this?&#10;A) The enzyme tearase inhibits bacterial growth.&#10;B) Tears contain the antibacterial enzyme lysozyme.&#10;C) The eyes are constantly exposed to UV light, which inhibits bacterial growth.&#10;D) Antibodies, particularly IgM, are secreted in abundance in the tears.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The eye is a warm, moist environment...

Question 21

Briefly explain how the body's first line of defense against pathogens works.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Briefly explain how the body's first line...

Question 22

A(n) ________ is an overreaction by the immune system to an allergen.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A(n) ________ is an overreaction by the...

Question 23

If all of the hairlike structures, called ________, in respiratory passages suddenly stopped working, a person would probably have more respiratory infections.

Accepted Answer

The answer of If all of the hairlike structures, called...

Question 24

Allergens combine with IgE to cause mast cells to release ________.&#10;A) interferons&#10;B) histamine&#10;C) plasma cells&#10;D) interleukin I

Accepted Answer

The answer of Allergens combine with IgE to cause mast...

Question 25

What are the three strategies for defending against foreign organisms, cells, or molecules?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What are the three strategies for defending...

Question 26

One type of bacteria, called gram-negative bacteria, has a pyrogen molecule that is part of its membrane structure. This endogenous pyrogen is released when the cell is destroyed by the immune system. Why would a severe gram-negative bacterial infection be particularly dangerous to a patient?

Accepted Answer

The answer of One type of bacteria, called gram-negative bacteria,...

Question 27

________ are a type of phagocytic cell that will attack and kill anything not recognized as part of the body.

Accepted Answer

The answer of ________ are a type of phagocytic cell...

Question 28

________ is the procedure in which a harmless form of an antigen from a pathogen is introduced into the body in order to stimulate an immune response to that antigen.

Accepted Answer

The answer of ________ is the procedure in which a...

Question 29

Each cell in an individual's body carries certain molecules that tell the body they belong to that individual. Those molecules are called ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Each cell in an individual's body carries...

Question 30

Lysozyme, a protective enzyme found in tears and saliva, is an example of a(n) ________ barrier.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Lysozyme, a protective enzyme found in tears...

Question 31

A wound to the skin may become swollen, red, and hot to the touch. These three responses are part of the ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A wound to the skin may become...

Question 32

According to preliminary tests, Alexandra has liver cancer, but the mass is inoperable and hard to localize. In order to administer x-ray beam therapy safely and effectively, the doctors must find the exact location of the cancer. Which of the following methods would be best in this situation?

A) radioactive monoclonal antibodies
B) fluorescence-linked B cells
C) activated neutrophils
D) enormous mast cell injections

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to preliminary tests, Alexandra has liver...

Question 33

Which of the following is not an example of active immunity?&#10;A) passing of antibodies from a mother to an infant during breastfeeding&#10;B) a vaccination against seasonal flu&#10;C) antibodies created in response to exposure to bacteria&#10;D) cytotoxic T cells created in response to a virus

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is not an...

Question 34

Organisms that invade the body and cause disease are known as ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Organisms that invade the body and cause...

Question 35

________ are lymphocytes that originate in the bone marrow but then mature in the thymus.

Accepted Answer

The answer of ________ are lymphocytes that originate in the...

Question 36

Monoclonal antibodies are useful in treating cancer when radioactive materials or tumor-killing drugs are attached to them. How is it that these cancer-killing methods are delivered only to the tumor and not to other, healthy cells?

A) Antibodies will specifically bind to the antigen target for which they are designed, here a cancer cell.
B) Antibodies will attach to any cancer cell found, even if there are several different types present.
C) Antibodies will stimulate the actions of T helper cells to fight the cancer.
D) Antibodies will stimulate the actions of cytotoxic T cells to fight the cancer.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Monoclonal antibodies are useful in treating cancer...

Question 37

Abdul, who is 6 years old and beginning his first day of school, comes into his classroom where some other children are eating peanuts. Within a few minutes he complains of dizziness and seems to be struggling to breathe. You suspect ________.

A) chickenpox
B) anaphylactic shock
C) cancer
D) Kaposi's sarcoma

Accepted Answer

The answer of Abdul, who is 6 years old and...

Question 38

Why is organ transplantation challenging?&#10;A) Organs cannot be grown in the laboratory.&#10;B) Identical twins cannot donate organs to each other by law.&#10;C) T cells from the immune system attack transplanted tissue.&#10;D) To harvest a donor's organs, the donor needs to be dead for at least 24 hours.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Why is organ transplantation challenging?&#10;A) Organs cannot...

Question 39

Zacchias has been in a horrible fire, and 50% of the total surface of his skin has been destroyed. Given the information in this chapter, why is it so important to replace the burned skin, and what is his best specific option for replacement?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Zacchias has been in a horrible fire,...

Question 40

Lupus is a disease in which the immune system produces antibodies that attach to various tissues throughout the body, which initiates massive inflammation and tissue death. What type of disease is this, and what sort of treatment may prove effective?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Lupus is a disease in which the...

Question 41

Allergy shots require many injections over long periods of time to be effective. Why can't the body get over an allergy with just a couple of injections?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Allergy shots require many injections over long...

Question 42

Match between columns&#10;                        Premises: The skin barrier is part of this line of defense.&#10;The skin barrier is part of this line of defense.&#10;The skin barrier is part of this line of defense.&#10;The skin barrier is part of this line of defense.&#10;The skin barrier is part of this line of defense.&#10;The skin barrier is part of this line of defense.&#10;The skin barrier is part of this line of defense.&#10;The skin barrier is part of this line of defense.&#10;The skin barrier is part of this line of defense.&#10;These occur when the immune system fails to properly identify self from nonself, which results in an attack on the tissues or organs.&#10;These occur when the immune system fails to properly identify self from nonself, which results in an attack on the tissues or organs.&#10;These occur when the immune system fails to properly identify self from nonself, which results in an attack on the tissues or organs.&#10;These occur when the immune system fails to properly identify self from nonself, which results in an attack on the tissues or organs.&#10;These occur when the immune system fails to properly identify self from nonself, which results in an attack on the tissues or organs.&#10;These occur when the immune system fails to properly identify self from nonself, which results in an attack on the tissues or organs.&#10;These occur when the immune system fails to properly identify self from nonself, which results in an attack on the tissues or organs.&#10;These occur when the immune system fails to properly identify self from nonself, which results in an attack on the tissues or organs.&#10;These occur when the immune system fails to properly identify self from nonself, which results in an attack on the tissues or organs.&#10;Line of defense in which the production of antibodies is involved.&#10;Line of defense in which the production of antibodies is involved.&#10;Line of defense in which the production of antibodies is involved.&#10;Line of defense in which the production of antibodies is involved.&#10;Line of defense in which the production of antibodies is involved.&#10;Line of defense in which the production of antibodies is involved.&#10;Line of defense in which the production of antibodies is involved.&#10;Line of defense in which the production of antibodies is involved.&#10;Line of defense in which the production of antibodies is involved.&#10;If you have a parasite, these white blood cells will work to kill it.&#10;If you have a parasite, these white blood cells will work to kill it.&#10;If you have a parasite, these white blood cells will work to kill it.&#10;If you have a parasite, these white blood cells will work to kill it.&#10;If you have a parasite, these white blood cells will work to kill it.&#10;If you have a parasite, these white blood cells will work to kill it.&#10;If you have a parasite, these white blood cells will work to kill it.&#10;If you have a parasite, these white blood cells will work to kill it.&#10;If you have a parasite, these white blood cells will work to kill it.&#10;These white blood cells, part of the first line of defense, arrive first in the attack against invaders and consume the pathogens.&#10;These white blood cells, part of the first line of defense, arrive first in the attack against invaders and consume the pathogens.&#10;These white blood cells, part of the first line of defense, arrive first in the attack against invaders and consume the pathogens.&#10;These white blood cells, part of the first line of defense, arrive first in the attack against invaders and consume the pathogens.&#10;These white blood cells, part of the first line of defense, arrive first in the attack against invaders and consume the pathogens.&#10;These white blood cells, part of the first line of defense, arrive first in the attack against invaders and consume the pathogens.&#10;These white blood cells, part of the first line of defense, arrive first in the attack against invaders and consume the pathogens.&#10;These white blood cells, part of the first line of defense, arrive first in the attack against invaders and consume the pathogens.&#10;These white blood cells, part of the first line of defense, arrive first in the attack against invaders and consume the pathogens.&#10;If you had none of these cells, you could no longer make antibodies.&#10;If you had none of these cells, you could no longer make antibodies.&#10;If you had none of these cells, you could no longer make antibodies.&#10;If you had none of these cells, you could no longer make antibodies.&#10;If you had none of these cells, you could no longer make antibodies.&#10;If you had none of these cells, you could no longer make antibodies.&#10;If you had none of these cells, you could no longer make antibodies.&#10;If you had none of these cells, you could no longer make antibodies.&#10;If you had none of these cells, you could no longer make antibodies.&#10;Line of defense that involves natural killer cells.&#10;Line of defense that involves natural killer cells.&#10;Line of defense that involves natural killer cells.&#10;Line of defense that involves natural killer cells.&#10;Line of defense that involves natural killer cells.&#10;Line of defense that involves natural killer cells.&#10;Line of defense that involves natural killer cells.&#10;Line of defense that involves natural killer cells.&#10;Line of defense that involves natural killer cells.&#10;Effector T cells responsible for the cell-mediated immune response.&#10;Effector T cells responsible for the cell-mediated immune response.&#10;Effector T cells responsible for the cell-mediated immune response.&#10;Effector T cells responsible for the cell-mediated immune response.&#10;Effector T cells responsible for the cell-mediated immune response.&#10;Effector T cells responsible for the cell-mediated immune response.&#10;Effector T cells responsible for the cell-mediated immune response.&#10;Effector T cells responsible for the cell-mediated immune response.&#10;Effector T cells responsible for the cell-mediated immune response.&#10;Small mobile connective tissues cells that, along with basophils, release histamine, which causes redness at the site of damage or illness.&#10;Small mobile connective tissues cells that, along with basophils, release histamine, which causes redness at the site of damage or illness.&#10;Small mobile connective tissues cells that, along with basophils, release histamine, which causes redness at the site of damage or illness.&#10;Small mobile connective tissues cells that, along with basophils, release histamine, which causes redness at the site of damage or illness.&#10;Small mobile connective tissues cells that, along with basophils, release histamine, which causes redness at the site of damage or illness.&#10;Small mobile connective tissues cells that, along with basophils, release histamine, which causes redness at the site of damage or illness.&#10;Small mobile connective tissues cells that, along with basophils, release histamine, which causes redness at the site of damage or illness.&#10;Small mobile connective tissues cells that, along with basophils, release histamine, which causes redness at the site of damage or illness.&#10;Small mobile connective tissues cells that, along with basophils, release histamine, which causes redness at the site of damage or illness.

Accepted Answer

The Answer of First line of defense and Third line is...

Deck 17: Body Defense Mechanisms