Deck 3: Chemistry Comes to Life

Question 1

Water has very special properties that not all chemicals share. Which of the following is not a property of water?

A) is nonpolar
B) prevents wide temperature fluctuations
C) requires a lot of energy to evaporate it
D) interacts with lots of different substances

Answer 1

A

Question 2

A substance in which other substances are dissolved is known as a(n) ________.

A) solute
B) acid
C) solvent
D) buffer

Answer 2

C

Question 3

You have information about a particle that contains 7 protons, 8 neutrons, and 8 electrons. Which of the following statements would be true?

A) It has an atomic weight of 23.
B) It is an ion.
C) It has 8 electrons in its outermost shell.
D) It has an atomic number of 15.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following monomers is not paired correctly?

A) glucose-carbohydrates
B) amino acids-proteins
C) nucleotides-nucleic acids
D) All of these are paired properly.

Question 5

An element with more or fewer neutrons than the same element as it appears on the periodic table is known as which of the following?

A) ion
B) buffer
C) isotope
D) isomer

Question 6

The interaction between two polar molecules would involve ________.

A) ionic bonds
B) peptide bonds
C) covalent bonds
D) hydrogen bonds

Question 7

In what ways are hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds similar?

A) Both are based on attraction between atoms that carry differences in electrical charge.
B) Both are based on attraction between two atoms that carry negative charges.
C) Both are based on repulsion between atoms that carry differences in electrical charge.
D) Both involve an even sharing of electrons between atoms.
E) Both are based on attraction between two atoms that carry positive charges.

Question 8

The pH scale measures ________.

A) OH- concentration
B) buffer concentration
C) H+ concentration
D) All of the above are true.

Question 9

A neutral atom must contain ________.

A) an equal number of protons and neutrons
B) an equal number of protons, neutrons, and electrons
C) an equal number of protons and electrons
D) an equal number of neutrons and electrons

Question 10

Any substance that when dissolved in water will give off H+ ions is referred to as a(n) ________.

A) pH
B) buffer
C) catalyst
D) acid

Question 11

Oxygen, with an atomic number of 8, is a neutral atom and has ________ electrons in the first electron shell and ________ electrons in the second electron shell.

A) 1; 7
B) 5; 3
C) 4; 4
D) 2; 6
E) 3; 5

Question 12

Your roommate is experiencing heartburn and asks you to purchase her an antacid. Chemically speaking, how do you know that the antacid will help eliminate her pain?

A) It is a buffer and will prevent the pH in her digestive tract from changing.
B) It has a higher OH- concentration to increase the pH in her digestive tract.
C) It is probably high in H+.
D) It has a low pH to balance the acidity in her digestive tract.

Question 13

What is the difference between covalent and ionic bonds?

A) Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons, whereas ionic bonds involve the sharing of protons.
B) Covalent bonds involve the attraction between slightly charged molecules, whereas ionic bonds involve the attraction between two fully charged ions.
C) Covalent bonds involve the sharing of neutrons, whereas ionic bonds involve the attraction of slightly charged atoms.
D) Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons, whereas ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons from one atom to another.

Question 14

The Cl- ion has a single negative charge and the atomic number of 17. How many electrons are on its innermost shell?

A) 18
B) 17
C) 9
D) 2

Question 15

The compound magnesium chloride (MgCl2) turns into one Mg2+ and two Cl- when placed in water. You can guess that the Mg and Cl atoms are held together normally by a(n) ________ bond.

A) covalent
B) electronegative
C) hydrogen
D) ionic

Question 16

A molecule consists of a long chain of glucose monomers linked by covalent bonds and serves as an energy source for plants and animals. Which of the following would describe this molecule?

A) polysaccharide
B) oligosaccharide
C) monosaccharide
D) sucrose

Question 17

A substance consists of weak acids or bases designed to maintain a specific pH of a solution within a cell or a biological system. Which of the following describes this substance?

A) buffer
B) catalyst
C) pH
D) acids

Question 18

Which of the following carbohydrates is made by plants and is not digested by humans?

A) lactose
B) starch
C) cellulose
D) glycogen

Question 19

If I tested your intestinal fluid and found that it was basic, which of the pH values listed would best describe this solution?

A) 6.8
B) 3.2
C) 1.2
D) 8.0

Question 20

Saturated fatty acids are so named because they are saturated with ________.

A) hydrogen
B) nitrogen
C) carbon
D) oxygen

Question 21

A(n) ________ is a nonprotein substance that aids in forming the enzyme-substrate complex in metabolic reactions.

Question 22

Which of the following is not found in ATP?

A) a nitrogen-containing base
B) a sugar
C) a phosphate group
D) All of these are found in ATP.

Question 23

You received your genetic material from your parents in the form of DNA. Your DNA provides your cells with instruction for making ________.

A) lipids
B) proteins
C) polysaccharides
D) cholesterol

Question 24

A molecule with hydrophobic properties and polar molecular attributes would be called a(n) ________.

Question 25

The ________ can be used to measure whether a substance is an acid or a base.

Question 26

Triglycerides ________.

A) are fatty acids bonded to glycerol through hydrolysis
B) have solid unsaturated forms at room temperature, such as butter
C) can provide twice the energy per gram than proteins
D) All of the above are true.

Question 27

Alteration of the ________ structure of a protein can transform the protein into an infectious agent known as a prion.

A) primary
B) secondary
C) tertiary
D) quaternary

Question 28

A polysaccharide that is made by plants and can usually be digested by humans is ________.

Question 29

By analyzing the chemical formulas, you can determine that this molecule, CH3CH(NH2)COOH, is a(n) ________, whereas the molecule C5H10O5 is a(n) ________.

A) cholesterol; amino acid
B) amino acid; sugar
C) nucleotide; glycerol
D) fatty acid; sugar

Question 30

Atoms that have the same number of protons but differ in the number of neutrons are called ________.

Question 31

The hydrogen, ionic, and covalent bonds that stabilize the shape of a protein contribute to which level of structure of a protein?

A) primary
B) quaternary
C) secondary
D) tertiary

Question 32

These lipids have a hydrophobic part and a hydrophilic part.

A) triglycerides
B) carotenoids
C) phospholipids
D) steroids

Question 33

A(n) ________ consists of many monomer subunits bonded together in order to produce a large molecule.

Question 34

________ is the process of using water to break down polymers to their monomer subunits.

Question 35

A substance that, when dissociated in water, will give off hydrogen ions is referred to as a(n) ________.

Question 36

An organic compound that provides instructions for the synthesis or production of polypeptide chains is referred to as which of the following?

A) nucleotide
B) lipids
C) ATP
D) DNA

Question 37

A researcher suspects that the food in an ecosystem has been contaminated with radioactive phosphates over a period of months. Which of the following substances could be examined for radioactive phosphate to test the hypothesis?

A) the amino acids within proteins produced by organisms living in the area
B) the starch produced by plants in the area
C) the DNA of the organisms in the area
D) All of the above are true.

Question 38

A protein that speeds up chemical reactions without being consumed in the process is called a(n) ________.

Question 39

Dipeptidase is an enzyme found in your small intestine that helps break polypeptides down. What would its most likely products be?

A) amino acids
B) proteins
C) triglycerides
D) oligosaccharides

Question 40

When an electron moves from the outer shell of one element to the outer shell of another element, a(n) ________ bond has been created.

Question 41

Within your body, there are two major categories of hormones. One category is the steroid (or lipid-soluble) hormones, and the other category is referred to as nonsteroid (or water-soluble) hormones, which are composed of proteins or, in some cases, just amino acids. Estrogen and testosterone are examples of steroid hormones, whereas insulin is an example of a nonsteroid hormone. A researcher heats estrogen, testosterone, and insulin to a very high temperature. After heating the hormones, the researcher tests to determine whether they still work properly. She finds that estrogen and testosterone still function, but insulin does not. Based on the chemical nature of these molecules, explain why insulin no longer functions.

Question 42

________ refers to a structure of a protein in which two or more polypeptide chains bind together to form a functional protein.

Question 43

When a new food product is being analyzed for nutritional content, the food will be subjected to hydrolysis in the lab. The end products are analyzed to determine, for example, fat and sugar content. Suppose a lab is analyzing a new product that claims to be fat free. After the hydrolysis of the product is complete, the examiners find glucose, glycerol, fatty acids, and amino acids. Is this product free of fat? Justify your answer.

Question 44

Partially hydrogenated fats are also referred to as ________ fats.

Question 45

Your friend tells you that all dietary fat is bad for your health. Is this correct?

Question 46

The energy-storing polysaccharide that can be found mainly in liver and muscle cells is called ________.

Question 47

A(n) ________ is a substance that accepts hydrogen ions or, when it dissociates in water, will give off hydroxide ions.

Question 48

Explain some of the modern uses for radioisotopes in society.

Question 49

Explain the major differences between covalent and ionic bonding.

Question 50

A(n) ________ is a type of polymer that helps in support, transport, and movement in the body.

Question 51

Athletes are often told to eat starch before a strenuous athletic event. What monomer can be released from starch after hydrolysis, and what is it used for? Because cellulose (fiber) is made of the same type of monomer as starch, why aren't athletes told to eat fiber before an event?

Question 52

This nucleotide is found in RNA but not in DNA: ________.

Question 53

Radioactive iodine (131I) is commonly used in medical situations for diagnosing and treating thyroid conditions. The most common isotope of iodine that is not radioactive is 127I. Chemically, what is the difference between 127I and 131I? What do they have in common?

Question 54

Explain the relationship between nucleic acids and proteins. How would a change to the DNA ultimately affect proteins?