Deck 8: Section 2: Personality Theories and Assessment

Question 1

In his early years, Freud treated patients suffering from _____.

A) schizophrenia
B) emotional disorders
C) personality disorders
D) All the answers are correct.

Answer 1

emotional disorders

Question 2

Which personality theorist influenced twentieth-century culture?

A) Maslow
B) Horney
C) Adler
D) Freud

Answer 2

Freud

Question 3

Which statement about personality traits and theories is FALSE?

A) Different theories of personality have been proposed throughout history.
B) Each personality trait corresponds to a continuum from one extreme to another.
C) Because personality theories share a common definition of "personality," there is much similarity in how they explain personality differences.
D) None of the answers is false.

Answer 3

Because personality theories share a common definition of "personality," there is much similarity in how they explain personality differences.

Question 4

_____ are the relatively stable internally based characteristics that describe a person.

A) Attributions
B) Factors
C) Emotions
D) Traits

Question 5

Which statement about Freud is FALSE?

A) Freud authored more than 20 books.
B) Freud trained as a clinical psychologist at the University of Vienna.
C) Through working with patients, Freud came to believe that sex was the primary cause of emotional problems.
D) Modern-day psychoanalytic theories still consider unconscious processes.

Question 6

Franz Gall is to _____ as William Sheldon is to _____.

A) bodily fluids; body type
B) bumps on the head; body type
C) body type; bodily humors
D) bodily fluids; bumps on the head

Question 7

Humanistic theory focuses on _____, whereas psychoanalytic theory focuses on _____.

A) personal growth; unconscious forces
B) social factors; basic dimensions
C) basic dimensions; personal growth
D) unconscious forces; social factors

Question 8

Among Freud's three levels of awareness, the conscious may be considered as _____, and the preconscious may be considered as _____.

A) short-term memory; long-term memory
B) long-term memory; short-term memory
C) implicit memory; explicit memory
D) explicit memory; implicit memory

Question 9

Trait theories of personality focus on _____.

A) identifying the cognitive and social factors that influence personality
B) explaining how personal growth influences personality development
C) identifying basic dimensions of personality
D) explaining the unconscious forces on personality

Question 10

_____ linked personality to the contours of a person's head, and _____ linked personality to body type.

A) Sheldon; Gall
B) Gall; Sheldon
C) The ancient Greeks; Sheldon
D) Gall; the ancient Greeks

Question 11

Modern-day psychodynamic theories emphasize the importance of all but which of the following?

A) childhood experiences
B) unconscious thought processes
C) sex as the origin of personality
D) addressing inner conflicts

Question 12

Franz Gall is to _____ as the ancient Greeks are to _____.

A) bodily fluids; body type
B) bumps on the head; bodily fluids
C) body type; bodily fluids
D) bumps on the head; body type

Question 13

All of the following perspectives, except one, have led to the development of therapies. Which has NOT led to the development of therapies?

A) humanistic
B) psychoanalytic
C) social-cognitive
D) trait

Question 14

Freud was convinced that _____ was a primary cause of emotional problems.

A) striving for superiority
B) sex
C) an inferiority complex
D) heredity

Question 15

Which theoretical approach to personality does NOT focus on problems in personality development?

A) humanistic
B) psychoanalytic
C) social-cognitive
D) trait

Question 16

_____ is to assessment as _____ is to therapeutic methods.

A) Psychoanalytic; trait
B) Trait; psychoanalytic
C) Humanistic; social-cognitive
D) Social-cognitive; humanistic

Question 17

Psychoanalytic theories of personality emphasize _____, and humanistic theories of personality emphasize _____.

A) cognitive and social factors; basic personality dimensions
B) basic personality dimensions; cognitive and social factors
C) unconscious forces and childhood experiences; personal growth motives
D) personal growth motives; unconscious forces and childhood experiences

Question 18

_____ is essentially short-term memory, and _____ is essentially long-term memory.

A) Id; superego
B) Superego; id
C) Conscious mind; preconscious mind
D) Preconscious mind; conscious mind

Question 19

Which theoretical approach to personality is primarily a descriptive approach?

A) trait
B) social-cognitive
C) psychoanalytic
D) humanistic

Question 20

Freud's background was in the field of _____.

A) anatomy
B) biology
C) clinical neurology
D) psychology

Question 21

The _____ is to reality as the _____ is to morality.

A) ego; superego
B) superego; ego
C) ego; id
D) id; superego

Question 22

Peter's aggressive tendencies have been well rewarded because his status as a professional football player has brought him significant emotional and financial rewards. Freud would suggest that Peter's football career is an expression of the defense mechanism _____.

A) repression
B) displacement
C) sublimation
D) rationalization

Question 23

According to Freud, _____ span(s) all levels of awareness,

A) only the ego
B) only the id
C) only the superego
D) both the ego and the superego

Question 24

Concerning influences on personality, which does NOT belong with the others?

A) motivation for food
B) motivation for sex
C) repressed memories
D) conscience

Question 25

Which of the following influences the ego?

A) the id
B) the superego
C) reality
D) All the answers are correct.

Question 26

When Trey's parents take away his allowance for violating curfew, Trey yells at his younger brother for simply entering Trey's room. Trey's behavior MOST closely resembles which defense mechanism?

A) displacement
B) sublimation
C) projection
D) rationalization

Question 27

Paul is very self-centered, doing what he wants whenever he wants to, seeking immediate gratification. According to Freud, Paul's behavior is MOST strongly driven by his _____.

A) ego
B) id
C) preconscious
D) superego

Question 28

According to Freud, the _____ is driven by the pleasure principle, and the _____ is driven by the reality principle.

A) ego; superego
B) superego; id
C) id; ego
D) ego; id

Question 29

Which is NOT one of the main elements of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

A) different levels of awareness, especially the unconscious
B) the interplay between different personality traits
C) how the id, ego, and superego interact
D) psychosexual stages of development

Question 30

The _____ is to pleasure as the _____ is to conscience.

A) ego; superego
B) superego; ego
C) id; superego
D) ego; id

Question 31

According to Freud, the ego _____.

A) represents one's conscience and idealized standards of behavior for a given culture
B) developed out of the original personality structure, the id
C) derives its psychic energy from the superego
D) All the answers are correct.

Question 32

According to Freud, the _____ mind contains information that you have stored in memory and are not currently aware of but can access.

A) conscious
B) preconscious
C) unconscious
D) preconscious and unconscious

Question 33

In Freud's iceberg model of the mind, parts of the _____ are above the surface.

A) id and ego
B) ego and superego
C) id and superego
D) id, ego, and superego

Question 34

Marilyn's husband has begun staying very late at work, missing dinners at home, and recently begun exercising more. Despite the fact that he shows evidence of having an extramarital affair, Marilyn continues to act as if everything is normal. Freud would suggest that Marilyn's behavior is an expression of the defense mechanism _____.

A) displacement
B) projection
C) denial
D) rationalization

Question 35

Sonya, who wants to go to the beach, pouts and whines when her friends decide to go to a movie instead. Sonya's behavior MOST closely resembles which defense mechanism?

A) rationalization
B) reaction formation
C) regression
D) repression

Question 36

Freud placed the most emphasis on the _____ in his theory of personality.

A) conscious and preconscious minds
B) preconscious and unconscious minds
C) preconscious mind
D) unconscious mind

Question 37

According to Freud, _____ is the primary defense mechanism.

A) rationalization
B) reaction formation
C) regression
D) repression

Question 38

According to psychoanalytic theory, _____ mind is to biological instinctual drives as _____ mind is to repressed unacceptable thoughts.

A) unconscious; preconscious
B) preconscious; conscious
C) unconscious; unconscious
D) preconscious; preconscious

Question 39

According to Freud, which of the psychic forces of personality is (are) present at birth?

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) All the answers are correct.

Question 40

Freud did NOT consider _____ to be an id drive.

A) success
B) survival
C) pleasure
D) reproduction

Question 41

As a child, Clark almost drowned when a wave hit him as he was playing in the ocean. As an adult, Clark does not consciously remember the incident, but avoids going to the beach and even feels uncomfortable watching movies with ocean scenes. It is likely that Freud would consider Clark's memory failure as an example of _____.

A) rationalization
B) repression
C) reaction formation
D) regression

Question 42

When Ursula argues with her boyfriend whom she cares for very much, she tells him, "I hate you. Get out of my life!" Ursula's behavior MOST closely resembles which defense mechanism?

A) rationalization
B) reaction formation
C) regression
D) repression

Question 43

According to Freud, the first and second stages of psychosexual development are _____.

A) anal and phallic
B) oral and anal
C) phallic and genital
D) latency and phallic

Question 44

Which is the correct ordering of Freud's psychosexual stages of development?

A) oral, anal, genital, latency, phallic
B) oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
C) anal, oral, genital, latency, phallic
D) anal, oral, latency, phallic, genital

Question 45

Vickie gets upset if anything on her desk is out of place. Her computer monitor is always in the same location. Her paper clips are sorted by size and color, and her headset is always to the right of her telephone. Vickie's concern with organization suggests she has which fixation?

A) oral
B) anal expulsive
C) anal retentive
D) phallic

Question 46

Valerie contends that her classmate Wanda is consistently gossiping, but Valerie herself tends to gossip about everyone she knows. Valerie's contention MOST closely resembles which defense mechanism?

A) displacement
B) sublimation
C) rationalization
D) projection

Question 47

_____ is a defense mechanism in which an individual creates false excuses for unacceptable feelings, thoughts, or behaviors.

A) Displacement
B) Sublimation
C) Rationalization
D) Denial

Question 48

As a young adult, Daisy expects other people to do things for her and is typically willing to believe almost anything she hears. According to Freud, Daisy's behavior is characteristic of people who have experienced _____ gratification during the _____ stage.

A) insufficient; anal
B) insufficient; oral
C) excessive; anal
D) excessive; oral

Question 49

Christine is 6 months old, when, according to Freud, her id's pleasure-seeking energy is focused on the _____. If Christine does not receive sufficient gratification during this stage, Freud would suggest that, as an adult, she would MOST likely have a tendency to _____.

A) anus; overeat
B) anus; be sloppy
C) mouth; overeat
D) mouth; be sloppy

Question 50

_____ is a defense mechanism in which an individual attributes his/her unacceptable feelings and thoughts to others.

A) Displacement
B) Sublimation
C) Reaction formation
D) Projection

Question 51

Russ frequently uses defense mechanisms to deal with a variety of people and situations. According to the text, such dependence on defense mechanisms may prevent Russ from _____.

A) fulfilling physiological needs
B) developing beyond the phallic stage
C) facing and solving problems
D) forming a conscience

Question 52

An area where the id's pleasure-seeking energies are focused is called a(n) _____ zone.

A) arousal
B) erogenous
C) fixation
D) energized

Question 53

_____ is a defense mechanism in which an individual replaces socially unacceptable impulses with socially acceptable behavior.

A) Displacement
B) Sublimation
C) Denial
D) Projection

Question 54

George talks almost constantly, chews gum, and is extremely mistrustful of others. To Freud, these behaviors would suggest that George is fixated in the _____ stage.

A) oral
B) anal
C) phallic
D) latency

Question 55

Caroline abides by a very strict moral code and feels very guilty if she does the slightest thing wrong, such as forgetting to return a friend's phone call. According to Freud, Caroline's high level of morality and feelings of guilt suggest that she has a very strong _____.

A) superego
B) ego
C) id
D) ego and id

Question 56

_____ is a defense mechanism in which an individual acts exactly the opposite of his/her unacceptable impulses.

A) Denial
B) Sublimation
C) Reaction formation
D) Projection

Question 57

Zack's car has papers strewn all over the back seat, mixed in with empty soda cans, several DVD cases, a sweatshirt, and a few pairs of athletic shoes. The appearance of Zack's car suggests he has which fixation?

A) oral
B) anal expulsive
C) anal retentive
D) phallic

Question 58

Karen and Lauren have difficulty sharing office space because Karen insists that everything in the office be kept neat and orderly all the time, whereas Lauren is terribly sloppy and messy. Freud would suggest that Karen is fixated at the _____ stage, and Lauren is fixated at the _____ stage.

A) anal; oral
B) oral; anal
C) oral; oral
D) anal; anal

Question 59

According to Freud's psychosexual theory, fixations emerge when _____.

A) defense mechanisms are used unsuccessfully
B) we unknowingly place an unpleasant memory in the unconscious
C) the id's pleasure-seeking energy remains in a stage because of excessive gratification or frustration
D) All the answers are correct.

Question 60

Carolyn cheats on her psychology exam but not on her calculus exam. She explains this by saying, "I know that cheating is wrong but I have to cheat on my psychology exam because the teacher is incredibly unfair in expecting us to remember so much material." According to psychoanalytic theory, Carolyn's reasoning about cheating on her psychology exam reflects which defense mechanism?

A) reaction formation
B) projection
C) sublimation
D) rationalization

Question 61

According to Freud, the Oedipus conflict occurs during the _____ psychosexual stage when a boy exhibits _____ and is sexually attracted to his mother.

A) phallic; castration anxiety
B) phallic; penis envy
C) genital; castration anxiety
D) genital; penis envy

Question 62

Which evaluation/criticism of Freud's theory is FALSE?

A) Contemporary researchers find little evidence to support the defense mechanism of repression.
B) There is little evidence to support the impact of psychosexual stages on development.
C) It is impossible to scientifically study the unconscious mind as described by Freud.
D) There is no evidence that the unconscious has any effect on our thinking or behavior.

Question 63

John, a young adult, has developed a mature sexual orientation and is involved in an intimate relationship. According to Freud, John is in the _____ stage.

A) anal
B) phallic
C) latency
D) genital

Question 64

Which statement(s) about Jung's concept of the collective unconscious is (are) TRUE?

A) The collective unconscious contains all the accumulated experiences of humankind.
B) The collective unconscious includes archetypes for concepts such as God.
C) The collective unconscious explains why myths and legends are sometimes similar across diverse cultures.
D) All the answers are correct.

Question 65

At 5 years old, Parker is copying several of his father's mannerisms and saying things to his friends that he initially heard from his father. According to Freud, Parker's behavior is characteristic of the process of _____, which occurs in the _____ stage.

A) fixation; phallic
B) identification; phallic
C) fixation; genital
D) identification; genital

Question 66

Jack has a conception of God that is similar to the conception held by people in other cultures. His symbolic images of how the earth was created are also shared by people in multiple cultures. In the personality theory proposed by _____, such symbolic images are labeled _____.

A) Bandura; archetypes
B) Bandura; the self-system
C) Jung; archetypes
D) Jung; the self-system

Question 67

According to Adler, the basic motivational force, "striving for superiority," is the result of _____.

A) criticisms by peers during adolescence
B) the helpless state into which everyone is born
C) a comparison to others who are more successful
D) the mistakes made during childhood

Question 68

The two main personality attitudes proposed by Jung were _____.

A) sensing and feeling
B) thinking and intuiting
C) extraversion and introversion
D) neuroticism and conscientiousness

Question 69

Adler was concerned with the importance of _____, and Horney was concerned with the importance of _____.

A) superiority; security
B) security; superiority
C) the inferiority complex; self-centeredness
D) self-centeredness; the inferiority complex

Question 70

The eight personality types developed by _____ are the basis for the _____.

A) Jung; Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
B) Jung; NEO-PI
C) Adler; Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
D) Adler; NEO-PI

Question 71

According to Freud, the Oedipus conflict is resolved by the process of _____, when the _____ develops.

A) identification; ego
B) identification; superego
C) projection; ego
D) projection; superego

Question 72

The major criticism of Freud by the neo-Freudians was _____.

A) an overemphasis on psychosexual development and sexual drives
B) his concepts of the Oedipus and Electra conflicts
C) an overemphasis on the importance of the unconscious mind
D) All the answers are correct.

Question 73

Which neo-Freudian psychologist emphasized the personality attitudes of extraversion and introversion?

A) Adler
B) Erikson
C) Jung
D) Horney

Question 74

Which is a contribution by Freud to the study of human behavior?

A) pointing out the importance of unconscious processing
B) emphasizing the importance of early childhood experience
C) describing how various defense mechanisms influence behavior
D) All the answers are correct.

Question 75

Which neo-Freudian psychologist emphasized a striving for superiority?

A) Adler
B) Erikson
C) Horney
D) Jung

Question 76

During the _____ psychosexual stage, children go through the process of identification; during the _____ psychosexual stage, children develop a superego.

A) latency; phallic
B) phallic; latency
C) phallic; phallic
D) latency; latency

Question 77

Like Adler, Horney emphasized the importance of _____ in the development of personality; but unlike Adler, Horney also emphasized the importance of _____ as a source of personality problems.

A) heredity; insecurity
B) heredity; inferiority
C) social experiences; insecurity
D) social experiences; inferiority

Question 78

According to Adler, people with unloving parents may develop a(n) _____.

A) negative archetype
B) inferiority complex
C) tendency to move away from people
D) anal fixation

Question 79

According to Freud, a focus on cognitive and social development appears to be the purpose of the _____ stage of psychosexual development.

A) phallic
B) latency
C) genital
D) All the answers are correct.

Question 80

Regarding Freud's theory, with which statement would most current psychologists agree?

A) Our unconscious is a storehouse of aggressive and sexual drives.
B) Repression of unpleasant memories frequently occurs.
C) Researchers can experimentally test the concept of the unconscious level of awareness.
D) None of the answers is correct.