Question 1

According to Kohlberg, a person who complies with rules and laws to avoid punishment is in the _____ level of moral development.&#10;A) preconventional&#10;B) conventional&#10;C) postconventional&#10;D) authoritarian

Accepted Answer

In Kohlberg's theory of moral development, the preconventional level of moral reasoning is characterized by a focus on obedience and avoiding punishment. This level is typically observed in children before the age of 9, and is associated with a more self-centered perspective on the world. Therefore, a person who complies with rules and laws to avoid punishment would be in the preconventional level of moral development.

Question 2

During the _____ stage of prenatal development (the final stage starting about 2 months after conception), the body structures and organs complete their growth.&#10;A) embryonic&#10;B) fetal&#10;C) germinal&#10;D) zygote

Accepted Answer

The fetal stage of prenatal development is the final stage, starting about 2 months after conception, where body structures and organs complete their growth. The other stages, including the germinal stage (first 2 weeks after conception) and embryonic stage (2-8 weeks after conception) are earlier in the developmental process. The zygote is the initial stage of development, occurring at conception.

Question 3

In human conception, another name for the fertilized egg is _____.&#10;A) gene&#10;B) zygote&#10;C) chromosome&#10;D) teratogen

Accepted Answer

A zygote is the union of a female and male gamete (egg and sperm) resulting in a fertilized egg, which begins the process of cell division and eventually develops into a fetus. Choice A is incorrect as a gene is a unit of genetic information that is passed down from parent to offspring. Choice C is also incorrect as a chromosome is a thread-like structure in the nucleus of a cell that carries genetic information. Choice D is incorrect as a teratogen is an external substance or condition that can cause birth defects in a developing embryo or fetus.

Question 4

According to Piaget, _____ is the interpretation of new experiences in terms of present schemas, and _____ is the modification of present schemas to fit with new experiences.&#10;A) assimilation; accommodation&#10;B) accommodation; assimilation&#10;C) reversibility; centration&#10;D) centration; reversibility

Accepted Answer

In Piaget's theory, assimilation refers to the process of interpreting new experiences in terms of present schemas, while accommodation refers to the process of modifying present schemas to fit with new experiences. Therefore, choice A is the correct answer. Choices C and D refer to other concepts in Piaget's theory, but are not relevant to this question.

Question 5

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, children are in the _____ stage if they have symbolic ability but lack conservation.&#10;A) sensorimotor&#10;B) preoperational&#10;C) concrete operational&#10;D) formal operational

Accepted Answer

The preoperational stage is characterized by symbolic ability and egocentrism, but children in this stage lack conservation. Conservation is the ability to understand that the quantity of a substance remains the same even if its shape or arrangement is changed. This stage typically occurs between the ages of 2 and 7.

Question 6

At about 6 or 7 months of age, an infant starts rhythmically repeating various syllables. This is called _____.&#10;A) baby talk&#10;B) holophrase&#10;C) telegraphic speech&#10;D) babbling

Accepted Answer

Babbling is the rhythmic repetition of syllables by an infant around 6 or 7 months of age. This is considered an important developmental milestone in language acquisition.

Question 7

Studies of intelligence in adulthood reveal that fluid intelligence abilities _____ with age, and crystallized intelligence abilities _____ with age.&#10;A) increase; increase&#10;B) increase; decrease&#10;C) decrease; increase&#10;D) decrease; decrease

Accepted Answer

Fluid intelligence abilities, which involve problem-solving and abstract reasoning, tend to decline with age, while crystallized intelligence abilities, which involve accumulated knowledge and skills, tend to increase or remain stable with age.

Question 8

Which parenting style is MOST positively related to academic success, happiness, independence, and self-confidence?&#10;A) authoritative&#10;B) authoritarian&#10;C) permissive&#10;D) indifferent

Accepted Answer

Research has consistently shown that an authoritative parenting style, characterized by warmth, high expectations, and responsiveness to children's needs, is the most positively related to academic success, happiness, independence, and self-confidence. This style allows for open communication, responsive feedback, and consistent discipline, which together help children develop a sense of competence and resilience. Authoritarian parenting may result in strong academic performance but may come at the cost of low self-esteem and independence, while permissive parenting may result in happiness and freedom but may also lead to low academic achievement and self-discipline. Indifferent parenting, on the other hand, can have negative effects on academic success, happiness, and self-confidence.

Question 9

According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, _____ is the issue that a person faces during adolescence.&#10;A) initiative versus guilt&#10;B) industry versus inferiority&#10;C) identity versus role confusion&#10;D) intimacy versus isolation

Accepted Answer

Erikson's psychosocial theory states that during adolescence, the issue that a person faces is identity versus role confusion. This is because during this stage, individuals are trying to establish a sense of self and figure out who they are and what their place is in society. They might experiment with different identities and roles before finding ones that feel authentic to them. This is a important developmental task during adolescence.

Question 10

According to Ainsworth, a child who shows little distress when the mother leaves in the strange situation procedure and neglects her when she returns has developed a(n) _____ attachment.&#10;A) secure&#10;B) insecure-disorganized&#10;C) insecure-ambivalent&#10;D) insecure-avoidant

Accepted Answer

The child who shows little distress when the mother leaves and neglects her when she returns has developed an insecure-avoidant attachment, characterized by a lack of interest or avoidance of the caregiver. Secure attachment (A) is characterized by distress when the parent leaves and then seeking comfort from the parent upon their return. Insecure-ambivalent (C) attachment is characterized by anxiety and ambivalence towards the parent's presence and absence. Insecure-disorganized (B) attachment is characterized by conflicting and disoriented behavior towards the caregiver.

Question 11

In a _____ study, people of different ages are studied at one point in time and compared to one another.&#10;A) cross-sectional&#10;B) longitudinal&#10;C) cross-sequential&#10;D) scaffolding

Accepted Answer

The answer of In a _____ study, people of different...

Question 12

Johnny, who is only 4 years of age, stands in front of you blocking your view of the television screen, and he does not realize that he is doing so. He thinks that his view is the same as yours. Johnny is displaying _____ and is in Piaget's _____ stage of cognitive development.

A) egocentrism; concrete
B) egocentrism; preoperational
C) centration; concrete
D) centration; preoperational

Accepted Answer

The answer of Johnny, who is only 4 years of...

Question 13

Vygotsky's term for the difference between what a child can actually do and what the child can do with the help of others is _____.&#10;A) zone of proximal development&#10;B) accommodation&#10;C) scaffolding&#10;D) cohort effect

Accepted Answer

The answer of Vygotsky's term for the difference between what...

Question 14

Michelle, who is 18 months old, has a pet dog named &#34;Sam.&#34; After she learns the name of her dog, she calls all the dogs she sees &#34;Sam.&#34; Michelle is demonstrating _____.&#10;A) babbling&#10;B) holophrase&#10;C) underextension&#10;D) overextension

Accepted Answer

The answer of Michelle, who is 18 months old, has...

Question 15

A decrease in the physiological response to a stimulus once it becomes familiar is called _____.&#10;A) assimilation&#10;B) centration&#10;C) habituation&#10;D) conservation

Accepted Answer

The answer of A decrease in the physiological response to...

Deck 7: Section 3: Developmental Psychology