Question 1

Twin studies have shown evidence that intelligence is affected by _____.&#10;A) genetics&#10;B) environment&#10;C) both genetics and environment&#10;D) neither genetics nor environment

Accepted Answer

Twin studies have shown that intelligence is affected by both genetics and environment. While genetics plays a significant role in shaping a person's intelligence, environmental factors such as upbringing, education, and socioeconomic status also play a role in determining intelligence.

Question 2

Extremely different scores result when a group of people takes the same intelligence test twice. This demonstrates that the intelligence test is _____.&#10;A) reliable&#10;B) valid&#10;C) not reliable&#10;D) not valid

Accepted Answer

If different scores result when the same group of people takes the same intelligence test twice, it indicates that the test is not reliable. Reliability refers to the consistency of results over time, and this inconsistency suggests that the test is not reliable. The question does not provide enough information to determine validity, which refers to whether the test measures what it is intended to measure.

Question 3

All of the following are useful heuristics EXCEPT _____.&#10;A) working backward&#10;B) means-end analysis&#10;C) mental set&#10;D) anchoring and adjustment

Accepted Answer

Mental set is not a useful heuristic, it is a cognitive bias that can hinder problem-solving by causing individuals to approach a problem in a rigid and inflexible way. Working backward, means-end analysis, and anchoring and adjustment are all useful heuristics that can aid in problem-solving.

Question 4

People often test hypotheses about the way the world works by seeking evidence that supports their beliefs. This tendency is known as _____.&#10;A) illusory correlations&#10;B) mental sets&#10;C) confirmation bias&#10;D) conjunction fallacy

Accepted Answer

Confirmation bias refers to the tendency to search for, interpret, and remember information in a way that confirms one's pre-existing beliefs and hypotheses, while ignoring or downplaying contradictory evidence. This bias can lead to errors in reasoning and decision-making. Illusory correlations refer to the false perception of a relationship between two variables, while mental sets refer to the tendency to approach problem-solving in a rigid, inflexible way based on past experiences. The conjunction fallacy refers to the mistaken belief that the conjunction of two events (e.g. Linda is a bank teller and feminist) is more probable than one of the events alone (e.g. Linda is a bank teller).

Question 5

_____ refers to accumulated factual knowledge and increases with age.&#10;A) G factor intelligence&#10;B) Crystallized intelligence&#10;C) Street smarts&#10;D) Fluid intelligence

Accepted Answer

Crystallized intelligence refers to the accumulation of factual knowledge, skills, and abilities that have been acquired throughout a person's lifetime. This type of intelligence tends to increase with age as individuals have more opportunities to learn and accumulate knowledge. G factor intelligence and fluid intelligence are both different types of general cognitive abilities, while street smarts refer to practical knowledge and skills gained through everyday experiences.

Question 6

People often have trouble solving a problem because they misinterpret the problem. One example of misinterpretation is _____.&#10;A) using a mental set&#10;B) lack of insight&#10;C) using an algorithm&#10;D) fixation

Accepted Answer

Fixation, particularly in the context of problem-solving, refers to the inability to see a problem from a new perspective. It is a type of cognitive bias that limits a person to using an approach that has previously worked, even when a new approach might be more beneficial. This can lead to misinterpreting the problem because the individual is stuck in their way of thinking and cannot adapt to new or different problem-solving strategies.

Question 7

Sheetal does not believe the well-established finding that heavy alcohol consumption during pregnancy can harm the unborn child because her cousin's child was born healthy even though her cousin drank every day of her pregnancy. Sheetal's erroneous conclusion is based on _____.

A) the representative heuristic
B) the gambler's fallacy
C) the conjunction fallacy
D) person-who reasoning

Accepted Answer

Sheetal's conclusion is an example of "person-who reasoning," where she bases her belief on an anecdotal instance rather than well-established scientific evidence, leading her to incorrectly generalize from a single case.

Question 8

Which intelligence theorist has shown that average intelligence scores have steadily increased in the United States over the last century?&#10;A) Sternberg&#10;B) Gardner&#10;C) Flynn&#10;D) Spearman

Accepted Answer

James Flynn is the intelligence theorist who has shown that average intelligence scores have steadily increased in the United States over the last century. This phenomenon is known as the Flynn Effect.

Question 9

A person with an IQ of 100 would be considered _____.&#10;A) a genius&#10;B) above average intelligence&#10;C) of average intelligence&#10;D) mentally retarded

Accepted Answer

An IQ of 100 is considered to be the average intelligence score. It is not high enough to be considered a genius or above average intelligence, and not low enough to be considered mentally retarded.

Question 10

After watching five coin tosses land on tails, Pete bets $200 that the next toss will land on heads. What heuristic is most likely guiding Pete's thinking?&#10;A) representative heuristic&#10;B) means-end analysis heuristic&#10;C) availability heuristic&#10;D) anchoring and adjusting heuristic

Accepted Answer

Pete is likely using the representative heuristic, which involves making judgments based on how well something matches our stereotypes or expectations. In this case, Pete might believe that after a series of tails, a head is "due," which is a common misconception about randomness and probability.

Question 11

All of the following are one of Gardner's independent intelligences EXCEPT _____.&#10;A) creative intelligence&#10;B) intrapersonal intelligence&#10;C) spatial intelligence&#10;D) musical intelligence

Accepted Answer

The answer of All of the following are one of...

Question 12

When finding a solution to a problem, a(n) _____ guarantees a correct answer, while a(n) _____ gives a quick answer that may or may not be correct.&#10;A) mental set; insight&#10;B) algorithm; heuristic&#10;C) heuristic; mental set&#10;D) insight; algorithm

Accepted Answer

The answer of When finding a solution to a problem,...

Deck 6: Section 4: Thinking and Intelligence