Question 1

Why was Watson and Rayner's research an example of delayed conditioning rather than trace conditioning?&#10;A) because the loud noise was delayed for several seconds after the white rat was presented&#10;B) because the white rat remained until after the loud noise was heard&#10;C) because the fear response was delayed until after many conditioning trials occurred&#10;D) because there was a delay before the fear response was extinguished

Accepted Answer

In Watson and Rayner's research, the white rat (conditioned stimulus) was present until after the loud noise (unconditioned stimulus) was heard, making it an example of delayed conditioning. In delayed conditioning, the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus overlap, with the conditioned stimulus presented first and remaining present until after the unconditioned stimulus is introduced.

Question 2

Discrimination training involves which of the following?&#10;A) acquisition&#10;B) extinction&#10;C) generalization&#10;D) spontaneous recovery

Accepted Answer

extinction

Question 3

According to principles of classical conditioning, _____ in Twitmyer's classical conditioning study would be the same as _____ in Pavlov's study.&#10;A) a hammer hitting the knee; food in a dog's mouth&#10;B) a hammer hitting the knee; ringing a bell&#10;C) ringing a bell; food in a dog's mouth&#10;D) ringing a bell; salivating

Accepted Answer

a hammer hitting the knee; food in a dog's mouth

Question 4

In Bandura's work, reinforcement impacted which of the following?&#10;A) only the learning of a behavior&#10;B) only the displaying of a behavior&#10;C) both the learning and displaying of a behavior&#10;D) Neither learning nor displaying of a behavior was impacted.

Accepted Answer

In Bandura's social learning theory, reinforcement primarily impacts the displaying of a behavior rather than the learning of it. Learning can occur through observation without direct reinforcement.

Question 5

Using operant conditioning, it is easier to condition an animal to learn a natural behavior rather than one that isn't natural. This occurs because, with a natural behavior, there is a _____.&#10;A) greater probability of spontaneous recovery&#10;B) lesser probability of instinctual drift&#10;C) greater probability of generalization&#10;D) lesser probability of discrimination

Accepted Answer

Instinctual drift refers to the tendency of an animal to revert to instinctual behaviors rather than learned behaviors. If the behavior being conditioned is not natural, the animal may be more likely to exhibit instinctual drifting. This is less likely with natural behaviors, as they align more closely with the animal's instincts and biology.

Question 6

Which statement about the relationship between the operant response and the discriminative stimulus is TRUE?&#10;A) The operant response is only given in the presence of the discriminative stimulus.&#10;B) The discriminative stimulus extinguishes the operant response.&#10;C) Operant responses are spontaneously recovered only if the discriminative stimulus is presented.&#10;D) The operant response is generalized when the discriminative stimulus is present.

Accepted Answer

The operant response is only given in the presence of the discriminative stimulus. This is because the discriminative stimulus signals when the operant response will be reinforced or punished, and the individual learns to respond only in the presence of that stimulus.

Question 7

In Twitmyer's research, the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) was a _____, and the conditioned response (CR) was a(n) _____.&#10;A) puff of air; eye blink&#10;B) bell; eye blink&#10;C) bell; knee jerk&#10;D) tap of hammer; knee jerk

Accepted Answer

Twitmyer's research involved using a tap of a hammer as the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) to elicit a knee jerk, which became the conditioned response (CR) after conditioning.

Question 8

In both positive reinforcement and positive punishment, the word positive refers to which of the following?&#10;A) an appetitive stimulus&#10;B) an aversive stimulus&#10;C) presentation of a stimulus&#10;D) presentation of an appetitive stimulus

Accepted Answer

The word positive in both positive reinforcement and positive punishment refers to the presentation of a stimulus, regardless of whether the stimulus is appetitive or aversive. It simply means that something is being added to the environment. Therefore, options A and D are incorrect, as they specify the type of stimulus being presented. Option B is also incorrect, as it refers to an aversive stimulus, which is specific to positive punishment, not positive reinforcement.

Question 9

In both negative reinforcement and negative punishment, the word negative refers to which of the following?&#10;A) an appetitive stimulus&#10;B) an aversive stimulus&#10;C) removal of an aversive stimulus&#10;D) removal of a stimulus

Accepted Answer

Negative in both terms refers to the removal of a stimulus, whether it's to increase a behavior (negative reinforcement) or decrease it (negative punishment).

Question 10

Latent learning occurs _____ reinforcement and _____ reinforcement to be demonstrated.&#10;A) with; requires&#10;B) with; does not require&#10;C) without; requires&#10;D) without; does not require

Accepted Answer

The answer of Latent learning occurs _____ reinforcement and _____...

Question 11

After a response is extinguished, what does the cumulative record show?&#10;A) a flat line&#10;B) an increasing line&#10;C) a decreasing line&#10;D) There is no change in the slope of the line.

Accepted Answer

The answer of After a response is extinguished, what does...

Question 12

Learning taste aversions is relatively _____ because such learning _____.&#10;A) easy; occurs by observing others as well as by conditioning&#10;B) easy; increases our chances of survival&#10;C) difficult; involves challenging discriminations&#10;D) difficult; involves generalizing to different situations

Accepted Answer

The answer of Learning taste aversions is relatively _____ because...

Question 13

Generalization is the _____ of the conditioned response, and discrimination is the _____ of the conditioned response.&#10;A) speeding up; slowing down&#10;B) slowing down; speeding up&#10;C) broadening; narrowing&#10;D) narrowing; broadening

Accepted Answer

The answer of Generalization is the _____ of the conditioned...

Deck 4: Section 1: Learning