Deck 7: Social and Emotional Development in Infants and Toddlers

Question 1

Social smiles typically first appear at

A)birth.
B)2 months of age.
C)6 months of age.
D)18 months of age.

Answer 1

2 months of age.

Question 2

Complex emotions

A)emerge before basic emotions.
B)are universal.
C)involve an evaluative component.
D)include feelings of happiness, anger, and disgust.

Answer 2

involve an evaluative component.

Question 3

Which of the following is a basic emotion?

A)pride
B)guilt
C)happiness
D)embarrassment

Answer 3

happiness

Question 4

A social smile occurs when an infant

A)was recently fed.
B)is asleep.
C)sees another human face.
D)is at least 1 year of age.

Question 5

Which of the following statements best summarizes the 2004 findings of University of Toronto researcher Marc Lewis and his colleague Jim Steiben?

A)Emotion regulation cannot be separated from the activation of emotion centres in the brain.
B)Emotion regulation is consistently separated from the activation of emotion centres in the brain.
C)Children who internalize emotions (suppress) are less sensitive to anxiety.
D)Children who externalize emotions (act out) are more sensitive to anxiety.

Question 6

Basic emotions consist of a subjective feeling, an overt behaviour, and

A)a physiological change.
B)an evaluative component.
C)a cultural-specific expression.
D)an advanced cognitive component.

Question 7

Unlike basic emotions, complex emotions

A)do not involve an evaluative component.
B)involve a physiological change.
C)involve a subjective feeling.
D)vary from culture to culture.

Question 8

Research on the universality of emotional expressions suggests that

A)humans are biologically programmed to express emotions in a specific way.
B)there are no universal facial expressions suggestive of basic emotions.
C)infants use different facial expressions than adults to express basic emotions.
D)facial expressions are not reliable clues to an infant's emotional state.

Question 9

The first distinct displays of anger typically occur

A)at birth.
B)between 4 and 6 months of age.
C)between 12 and 18 months of age.
D)during the preschool years.

Question 10

Khalid is 6 months old. His facial expressions are

A)not likely to be accompanied by the same physiological responses that they are in adults.
B)likely to be specific to his culture.
C)fairly reliable indicators of his emotional state.
D)not likely to change predictably in response to events.

Question 11

Which of the following would be the element of a basic emotion referred to as a subjective feeling?

A)a smile
B)an increase in heart rate
C)bumping into a chair
D)being so happy you feel like you're floating on air

Question 12

Infants' first feelings of happiness are related to ________, whereas their later feelings of happiness are associated with ________.

A)complex emotions; basic emotions
B)attachment; temperament
C)psychological states; physical states
D)physical states; psychological states

Question 13

Research on the link between facial expressions and emotions has shown that

A)changes in facial expressions are not linked to physiological changes that are associated with emotions.
B)infants and adults worldwide express basic emotions with similar facial expressions.
C)in the first few weeks of life, infants produce social smiles.
D)infants' facial expressions do not change in a predictable, meaningful fashion until around the first birthday.

Question 14

Which of the following emerges first?

A)guilt
B)embarrassment
C)pride
D)fear

Question 15

Researchers often use ________ to assess an infant's emotional state.

A)facial expressions
B)subjective feelings
C)the Strange Situation
D)systematic desensitization

Question 16

Who is experiencing a complex emotion?

A)Tim, who is happy
B)Todd, who is embarrassed
C)Ramon, who is disgusted
D)Victor, who is surprised

Question 17

Basic emotions

A)do not involve a physiological change.
B)are not expressed in an overt behaviour.
C)vary from culture to culture.
D)involve a subjective feeling.

Question 18

You visit your 4-month-old nephew and want to make him laugh. What would you do?

A)Give him some sort of vigorous physical stimulation such as bouncing him on your knee.
B)Give a novel twist to a familiar event; for example, pretend to put your nephew's pacifier in your mouth.
C)Feed him to induce to a pleasant internal physiological state.
D)Wait until he's several months older because laughing does not usually occur until late in the first year of life.

Question 19

Your brother's 2-week-old baby smiles. You would tell your brother that his baby's smile

A)is probably a social smile.
B)is most likely related to his internal physiological state.
C)is most likely related to his internal psychological state.
D)should be accompanied by cooing.

Question 20

Which of the following emerges first?

A)laughter in response to physical stimulation
B)laughter in response to psychological stimulation
C)social smiles
D)smiles that are related to internal physiological states

Question 21

When 1-year-old Kim was shown a new toy, she looked at her mother, who appeared to be afraid of the toy. Kim became distressed and moved away from the toy. Kim used ________ to regulate her own behaviour.

A)an internal working model
B)systematic desensitization
C)social referencing
D)stranger anxiety

Question 22

Seven-month-old Lydia looked away and started to fuss when her mother's college roommate, who hadn't visited since Lydia was born, got Lydia up from her nap. Lydia's reaction is most likely the result of

A)social referencing.
B)systematic desensitization.
C)insecure attachment.
D)stranger wariness.

Question 23

Your niece is 7 months old and you are about to meet her for the first time. You are concerned that she will be afraid of you and want to minimize the chance that meeting you will cause her stranger wariness. What would you do?

A)Greet her and give her your complete attention as soon as you meet her.
B)Arrange to see her for the first time in an environment that is familiar to her.
C)Meet her in an environment that is unfamiliar to her.
D)Pick her up right away when you meet her.

Question 24

________ is an enduring social-emotional relationship.

A)An attachment
B)Temperament
C)Sociability
D)Emotionality

Question 25

Which emotion is most influenced by cultural factors?

A)happiness
B)anger
C)fear
D)pride

Question 26

The ability to recognize others' emotions

A)can be used in social referencing.
B)emerges after the first birthday.
C)is not related to the ability to discriminate different facial expressions.
D)decreases with age.

Question 27

Complex emotions don't usually emerge until

A)4 to 6 months of age.
B)9 to 12 months of age.
C)18 to 24 months of age.
D)3 to 4 years of age.

Question 28

Hezron has experienced basic emotions such as happiness and anger, but he is unlikely to feel more complex emotions such as guilt, embarrassment, or pride until he

A)has some understanding of the self.
B)experiences a physiological reaction linked to his emotions.
C)displays overt behaviours associated with his subjective feelings.
D)uses social referencing.

Question 29

In social referencing

A)an infant has a preference for being with other people rather than for being alone.
B)infants use their parents' facial expressions to help them interpret unfamiliar situations.
C)deep relaxation is associated with progressively more anxiety-producing situations.
D)an infant has a set of expectations about parents' availability and responsivity.

Question 30

By ________ of age, infants begin to be able to distinguish facial expressions associated with different emotions.

A)1 month
B)6 months
C)12 months
D)24 months

Question 31

Six-month-old Wendy's mother is happy and smiles and talks to Wendy in a pleasant voice. Based on research reported in your text, you would expect Wendy

A)to be able to distinguish facial expressions associated with different emotions but not to change her own emotions to match other people's emotions.
B)to be unaware of and unaffected by other people's emotions.
C)to match her emotion to her mother's and therefore be happy.
D)to become distressed.

Question 32

Stranger wariness

A)emerges a few weeks after birth.
B)provides a natural restraint against the tendency for mobile infants to wander away from familiar caregivers.
C)is greater when infants are in a familiar environment.
D)is not related to the stranger's behaviour.

Question 33

Stranger wariness is one of the first distinct signs of

A)anger.
B)sadness.
C)fear.
D)happiness.

Question 34

Emotion regulation begins in

A)infancy.
B)the preschool years.
C)the school-age years.
D)adolescence.

Question 35

Bowlby argued that attachment

A)is learned through reinforcement and punishment.
B)is the result of the resolution of conflicts that are centered on various parts of the body.
C)increases the infant's likelihood of survival.
D)was important to human evolution but has no value in modern society.

Question 36

________ require more sophisticated understanding than ________, which are more biologically based.

A)Basic emotions; complex emotions
B)Complex emotions; basic emotions
C)Positive emotions; negative emotions
D)Negative emotions; positive emotions

Question 37

One of the first signs of fear in an infant often occurs when

A)infants are in the presence of an unfamiliar adult.
B)infants are picked up by a familiar adult.
C)a parent restrains an infant from trying to pick up a toy.
D)a favourite food is taken away.

Question 38

When 1-year-old Adam saw a large dog heading toward him, he became frightened and moved closer to his father and looked away from the dog. Adam was using a simple form of

A)emotion regulation.
B)stranger wariness.
C)social referencing.
D)complex emotion.

Question 39

Which fear is likely to occur at the youngest age?

A)fear of strangers
B)fear of the dark
C)fear of imaginary creatures
D)fear of snakes

Question 40

Who was the first modern theorist to emphasize the importance of emotional ties to the mother?

A)John Bowlby
B)Jean Piaget
C)Mary Ainsworth
D)Sigmund Freud

Question 41

________ is used to study attachment relationships.

A)A social smile
B)An internal working model
C)Stranger wariness
D)The Strange Situation

Question 42

Infants usually form attachments

A)only to mothers.
B)only to fathers.
C)to mothers and fathers.
D)to only one person, whoever is the primary caregiver.

Question 43

When one-year-old Hayley's mother left her in an unfamiliar room, Hayley cried. When her mother returned, Hayley wanted to be held for a minute but then wanted to get down and play. Hayley appears to have a(n) ________ attachment to her mother.

A)avoidant
B)secure
C)disorganized (disoriented)
D)resistant

Question 44

What advice would you give to parents who want their infants to become securely attached to them?

A)Have a rigid personality style.
B)Don't reinforce infant crying by responding whenever your child cries.
C)Place your children in full-time daycare before their first birthday.
D)Respond to your infant predictably and sensitively.

Question 45

The infant singles out the primary attachment figure at approximately what age?

A)four weeks
B)two months
C)six months
D)one year

Question 46

Annie has a disorganized (disoriented) attachment relationship with her mother. In the Strange Situation she

A)probably will not be upset when her mother leaves and is likely to ignore her when she returns.
B)may or may not cry when her mother leaves, but is likely to seek her when she returns.
C)is likely to be upset when her mother leaves and angry and difficult to console when she returns.
D)may be confused when her mother leaves and not really understand what's happening when she returns.

Question 47

A researcher conducts a study using the Strange Situation. The researcher is studying

A)the stability of temperament.
B)the development of basic emotions.
C)infants' recognition of others' emotions.
D)attachment relationships.

Question 48

The majority of Canadian babies have ________ attachment relationships.

A)disorganized (disoriented)
B)resistant
C)avoidant
D)secure

Question 49

In Canada, attachment typically develops between infants and their ________ first.

A)mother
B)father
C)nanny
D)grandparent(s)

Question 50

When Kylie's mother left her at the babysitter's house, Kylie was upset and cried. When Kylie's mother returned, Kylie was still angry and would not be consoled by her mother. Which type of attachment does Kylie seem to have?

A)disorganized (disoriented)
B)resistant
C)avoidant
D)secure

Question 51

If Bill and Mary are typical parents of a baby, which of the following is most likely to be true?

A)Their baby is likely to become attached to Mary but not to Bill.
B)Bill is likely to spend more time playing with their baby than taking care of him.
C)Bill and Mary are likely to spend equal amounts of time reading and talking to their baby.
D)Their infant is likely to prefer Mary over Bill as a playmate.

Question 52

Which infant is most likely to form a secure attachment?

A)Hallie, whose parents respond predictably and appropriately to her needs
B)Erin, who has a difficult temperament
C)Bernie, who sleeps in a dormitory with other children under 12
D)Steven, whose mother has a rigid personality style

Question 53

Who is least likely to develop a secure attachment relationship?

A)Amber, who has an easy temperament and a mother with a rigid personality
B)Baylee, who has an easy temperament and a mother with a flexible personality
C)Carlie, who has a difficult temperament and a mother with a rigid personality
D)Donnelle, who has a difficult temperament and a mother with a flexible personality

Question 54

A secure attachment is most likely to occur when

A)parents spend a lot of time with their child.
B)parents respond to their child in an inconsistent manner.
C)babies have difficult temperaments.
D)parents are sensitive and responsive to their baby.

Question 55

Which is the first step in the development of attachment?

A)discriminating familiar and unfamiliar people
B)singling out the attachment figure
C)synchronizing behaviour with the caregiver's behaviour
D)learning the difference between people and objects

Question 56

While 3-month-old Neil is in an alert state, his mother silently stares at him. What is Neil likely to do?

A)smile and look at his mother
B)cry and look away from his mother
C)go to sleep
D)whatever he was doing before his mother began staring at him

Question 57

As an infant, Nate was securely attached whereas Will was insecurely attached. In their preschool years, you would expect to find

A)that Will interacts more confidently and successfully with his peers than Nate.
B)that Nate interacts more confidently and successfully with his peers than Will.
C)that Nate, but not Will, shows abnormal levels of hostility.
D)no predictable differences between Nate and Will in terms of their social interactions.

Question 58

Children who had a secure attachment as infants

A)tend to have more satisfying later social relationships.
B)have more fights with friends when they are older.
C)show high levels of hostility as preschoolers.
D)interact less skilfully with peers as 11-year-olds at summer camp.

Question 59

When Anne's mother left her with a new babysitter, Anne was not upset. When her mother returned, Anne ignored her. Anne appears to have a(n) ________ attachment to her mother.

A)resistant
B)disorganized (disoriented)
C)avoidant
D)secure

Question 60

Fathers

A)interact with their babies in the same ways that mothers do.
B)are more likely to engage in physical play with their babies than mothers are.
C)are more likely than mothers to be a source of comfort when babies are distressed.
D)spend more time taking care of their children than playing with them.

Question 61

The most important aspect of daycare in regard to promoting secure attachment relationships is

A)the amount of time the child spends in daycare.
B)sensitive, responsive caregiving.
C)the age when the child began daycare.
D)whether the daycare is provided by a daycare centre or in the home of a non-relative.

Question 62

Soon after the first birthday, children commonly engage in

A)co-operative play.
B)pretend play.
C)parallel play.
D)role-playing.

Question 63

Parallel play involves

A)pretending.
B)assigning different roles for each child to play.
C)playing alone but maintaining interest in what other children are doing.
D)complex social and cognitive skills, so it is not found in toddlers.

Question 64

In ________ play, children organize their play around a distinct theme and take on special roles based on the theme.

A)parallel
B)simple social
C)co-operative
D)make-believe

Question 65

Which of the following is most likely to be the first sign of peer interaction?

A)simple social play
B)parallel play
C)pointing or smiling at a peer
D)make-believe play

Question 66

Two-year-old Chris "helps" his dad change the oil in the car and ends up with a black oil streak on his cheek. When they come into the house, his dad takes him into the bathroom to clean up. Based on what you know about self-recognition in two-year-olds, what would you expect Chris to do when he looks in the mirror?

A)Reach up and touch the black spot on his cheek.
B)Touch the black spot he sees on the mirror.
C)Look at his dad to see if he, too, has oil on his face.
D)Not show any indication that he notices the spot.

Question 67

Laura and Kyle are sitting next to each other and are drawing pictures. Periodically, they will trade crayons and comment on the other's picture. This is an example of

A)parallel play.
B)simple social play.
C)co-operative play.
D)pretend play.

Question 68

Playing hide-and-seek is an example of

A)nonsocial play.
B)simple social play.
C)parallel play.
D)co-operative play.

Question 69

When children engage in similar activities, talk or smile at one another, and offer each other toys, it is referred to as

A)simple social play.
B)parallel play.
C)nonsocial play.
D)co-operative play.

Question 70

Co-operative play is usually first seen around ________ of age.

A)6 months
B)2 years
C)4 years
D)6 years

Question 71

Joyce gets very emotional when talking about her childhood and expresses a great deal of hostility toward her parents. Joyce appears to have a(n) ________ attachment representation.

A)autonomous
B)preoccupied
C)dismissive
D)avoidant

Question 72

Gary talks about both good and bad aspects of how his mom and dad raised him. On the Adult Attachment Interview, Gary would most likely be classified in which group?

A)dismissive adults
B)preoccupied adults
C)autonomous adults
D)secure adults

Question 73

The foundation or first step of developing a self-concept occurs when children

A)begin to wonder who they are.
B)become aware that they exist independently of other people and objects in the environment.
C)mention emotions when describing themselves.
D)begin to describe themselves in relation to their peers.

Question 74

Jude is an adult who describes her own childhood in very general terms and seems to idealize her parents. Which type of attachment representation does Jude seem to have?

A)autonomous
B)dismissive
C)preoccupied
D)resistant

Question 75

The attitudes, behaviours, and values that a person believes make him or her a unique individual are referred to as the person's

A)self-concept.
B)specification.
C)attachment classification.
D)temperament.

Question 76

Maleah and Mara are sitting at a table playing with playdough. They are each playing alone, but occasionally look to see what the other is doing. Maleah and Mara are engaged in

A)parallel play.
B)simple social play.
C)co-operative play.
D)make-believe play.

Question 77

Parents with which type of adult attachment representation are most likely to provide the type of caregiving that promotes secure attachment relationships?

A)preoccupied
B)avoidant
C)dismissive
D)autonomous

Question 78

Dr. Jones conducts a study in which he places a red mark on toddlers' noses and then places them in front of a mirror. Dr. Jones appears to be interested in

A)attachment.
B)self-recognition.
C)temperament.
D)self-esteem.

Question 79

Which of the following statements best reflects the relation between daycare and infant attachment?

A)An insecure attachment is more likely when a child is in poor quality daycare and has less responsive, sensitive parents.
B)An insecure attachment is more likely when a child is cared for in a daycare centre than when she is cared for in a home setting.
C)A secure attachment relationship is less likely when child care arrangements are changed frequently.
D)An insecure attachment is more likely when children are in full-time rather than part-time daycare.

Question 80

Simple social play usually begins at about

A)15 to 18 months.
B)2 to 3 years.
C)4 to 5 years.
D)6 to 7 years.