Deck 5: Perceptual and Motor Development

Question 1

The pain cry in infants

A) begins suddenly
B) has a low pitch.
C) is easily soothed.
D) begins gradually.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Most newborns prefer which of the following tastes?

A) salty and bitter tastes
B) bitter and sweet tastes
C) sweet and salty tastes
D) sour and bitter tastes

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Because the taste of her mother's milk is affected by what her mother has just eaten, Baby Bonita is likely to prefer nursing after her mother has eaten

A) candy.
B) potato chips.
C) a lemon.
D) strong coffee.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Paula is interested in finding out whether infants can distinguish between bitter and salty tastes. What would be the most effective way to investigate her question?

A) Ask adults when they first remembered eating something bitter and something salty.
B) Repeatedly present one taste - either bitter or salty - and see whether infants habituate to it.
C) Observe infants' facial expressions or head movements to see whether they respond differently to bitter and salty tastes.
D) Use infants or toddlers who are old enough to answer questions about how things taste.

Question 5

If Harry, a newborn baby, were able to choose the taste of a substance put in his mouth, what kind of taste would you expect him to choose?

A) sour
B) bitter
C) spicy
D) sweet

Question 6

The leading cause of hearing impairments that occur after birth is

A) inherited disease.
B) meningitis.
C) child abuse.
D) accidents.

Question 7

When Roy first received a new toy, he played with it all the time. The longer he had it, the less he played with it. This change in Roy's behavior is an example of

A) habituation.
B) differentiation.
C) an orienting response.
D) priming.

Question 8

You visit your mother and she wants to know what you have learned in school recently. Having just read the section on infant hearing in your textbook, what would you tell your mother you have learned?

A) Infants are not able to hear at all.
B) Infants can hear, but not as well as adults.
C) Infants' hearing is about the same as that of adults.
D) Infants have better hearing than adults.

Question 9

One-month-old Mari's grimace after tasting a substance suggests that what she tasted was

A) bitter.
B) salty.
C) sweet.
D) spicy.

Question 10

Your friends, John and Lisa, are wondering whether their newborn son can feel pain. What can you tell them about infants' ability to feel pain?

A) Infant nervous systems are not sufficiently developed to transmit pain.
B) The skin of infants does not have as many pain receptors as does the skin of adults.
C) Behavior suggests that newborns do not experience pain.
D) Physical development and behavior suggests that newborns are capable of feeling pain.

Question 11

Newborns are able to detect which of the following tastes?

A) salty and sour tastes
B) sweet and salty tastes
C) bitter and sour tastes
D) salty, sour, bitter, and sweet tastes

Question 12

Which of the following is TRUE of infants' auditory perception?

A) Infants hear sounds best that have pitches in the range of human speech.
B) Infants can hear high-pitched sounds the best.
C) Infants cannot use sound to locate an object.
D) Infants cannot discriminate vowel and consonant sounds.

Question 13

Jeremiah was born with a hearing impairment. The most likely cause of his hearing impairment is

A) heredity.
B) maternal disease during pregnancy.
C) maternal drug use during pregnancy.
D) maternal exposure to environmental contaminants during pregnancy.

Question 14

Four-month-old Courtney has habituated to the mobile over her crib. You would expect Courtney to

A) show a preference for that mobile over other mobiles.
B) spend less time looking at it now than when it was first placed over her crib.
C) show the same behavior toward the mobile now as she did when she first saw it.
D) spend more time looking at it now than when it was first placed over her crib.

Question 15

Infants' auditory thresholds allow them to hear

A) worse than adults.
B) about the same as adults.
C) better than adults.
D) not able to be measured.

Question 16

Allan wants to know what kind of sounds his newborn son can hear the best. What could you tell him about infant auditory capabilities?

A) Infants can best hear sounds that are pitched in the range of human speech.
B) Infants can best hear high-pitched sounds.
C) Infants can best hear low-pitched sounds.
D) Infants can hear sounds of all pitches equally well.

Question 17

When an infant habituates to a stimulus, such as a picture,

A) the infant will pay more attention to the stimulus as it becomes more familiar.
B) the infant's heart rate will drop as the stimulus becomes more familiar.
C) the infant's behavior does not change as the stimulus becomes more familiar.
D) the infant will pay less attention to the stimulus as it becomes more familiar.

Question 18

The term auditory threshold refers to

A) the range of pitches in normal conversational tones.
B) the quietest sound a person can hear.
C) the level of sound at which hearing impairments begin to occur.
D) sounds that can be heard by adults, but not by infants.

Question 19

Babies pay attention when a novel stimulus is first presented, but they pay less attention as it becomes more familiar. This phenomenon is called

A) discrimination.
B) interposition.
C) an orienting response.
D) habituation.

Question 20

In newborns, the sense of smell is

A) not developed at all.
B) very primitive.
C) fair.
D) well-developed.

Question 21

Light we see as the color __________ has a relatively long wavelength.

A) blue
B) violet
C) yellow
D) red

Question 22

Visual acuity assesses how

A) clearly an infant can see.
B) well an infant can perceive depth.
C) well an infant can perceive color.
D) retinal images in the left and right eyes compare.

Question 23

If an infant does not respond to its own name by __________ months, parents should begin to be concerned about a possible hearing impairment.

A) 1 or 2
B) 4 or 5
C) 8 or 9
D) 12

Question 24

Both of Sharif's parents wear glasses to correct nearsighted vision and they're wondering whether Sharif needs glasses. Sharif's parents are concerned about Sharif's

A) depth perception.
B) visual acuity.
C) retinal disparity.
D) cones.

Question 25

Color is detected with specialized neurons in the retina of the eye called

A) cones.
B) wavelengths.
C) optic nerves.
D) stimuli.

Question 26

Which parent should be most concerned about a possible hearing impairment?

A) Kristen, whose 1-year-old daughter has had repeated ear infections.
B) Katy, whose 2-month-old son does not respond to his name.
C) Abby, whose 6-month-old daughter seems to overreact to loud sounds.
D) Virginia, whose 12-month-old son is starting to imitate speech sounds.

Question 27

Jared has typical visual acuity for a newborn. He can see at 20 feet what his father, who has normal vision, can see at __________ feet.

A) 10
B) 20
C) 200 to 400
D) 2,000 to 4,000

Question 28

Newborn Nina will probably look longest at

A) a black square.
B) a white triangle.
C) a gray circle.
D) black and white stripes.

Question 29

Information that is presented simultaneously to different sensory modes provides

A) linear perspective.
B) texture gradients.
C) intersensory redundancy.
D) retinal disparity.

Question 30

Infants are more likely to detect a change in a rhythmic pattern, when information is presented using

A) video only.
B) audio only.
C) audio and video simultaneously.
D) either audio or video only.

Question 31

Thomas and Alva should begin to be concerned about a possible hearing impairment if their infant son does not begin to imitate speech sounds and simple words by

A) 1 month of age.
B) 4 months of age.
C) 6 months of age.
D) 12 months of age.

Question 32

Burns shows two stimuli at a time to an infant, one a gray square and the other a black and white striped square. The striped squares differ in the width of their stripes. Dr. Burns measures how long the infant looks at each of the stimuli. Dr. Burns is assessing

A) depth perception.
B) visual acuity.
C) retinal disparity.
D) ADHD.

Question 33

Differences in __________ are related to differences in color perception.

A) retinal disparity
B) wavelengths of light
C) visual acuity
D) pattern detection

Question 34

Which of the following do infants use to determine which elements go together to form an object?

A) motion only
B) color only
C) aligned edges only
D) motion, color, texture, and aligned edges

Question 35

A possible sign of a hearing impairment is if an infant __________ by four or five months.

A) does not respond to its own name
B) does not begin to imitate speech sounds and simple words
C) has not had an ear infection
D) does not turn its head in the direction of sounds

Question 36

By what age do infants typically have vision as good as that of normal adults?

A) at birth
B) by 2 months of age
C) by 1 year of age
D) by 2 years of age

Question 37

Detection of hearing impairments early in infancy

A) is not possible.
B) is not predictive of hearing impairments later in life.
C) does not increase the probability of treatment success.
D) increases the likelihood of being able to treat the problem.

Question 38

Yi-Yong wants to know when her newborn daughter will see colors in the same way she does. According to your text, infant color vision is similar to adult color vision

A) at birth.
B) by three to four months of age.
C) by seven to eight months of age.
D) by 12 months of age.

Question 39

__________ is the smallest pattern that can be visually distinguished dependably.

A) Visual perception
B) Depth perception
C) Retinal disparity
D) Visual acuity

Question 40

Parents should be concerned about their child's hearing if the child

A) doesn't imitate speech sounds and simple words by 6 months of age.
B) has repeated ear infections.
C) responds strongly to loud, sudden noises.
D) turns its head in the direction of sounds.

Question 41

Which of the following children is illustrating the impact of motor-skill development on the development of perceptual skills?

A) Jason, a 6-month-old infant, can hold, turn, and stroke the toy duck which allows him to learn about the three-dimensional nature of the toy duck.
B) Franklin, a 4-month-old infant, is able to tell that the banana and the apple are different objects because of the differences in shape and color.
C) Veronica, an 8-month-old infant, demonstrates knowledge of depth by avoiding crawling over the deep side of a visual cliff.
D) Carina, a 3-month-old infant, will focus almost entirely on the interior of the face, particularly the eyes and the lips.

Question 42

Kerry placed a baby on a glass-covered platform with one side that looked shallow under the glass and another side that looked deep under the glass. He then asked the mother to call the baby to come to her. Dr. Kerry appears to be interested in

A) visual acuity.
B) depth perception.
C) color perception.
D) object permanence.

Question 43

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD)

A) is more common in girls than boys.
B) is equally common among girls and boys.
C) is more common in boys than in girls.
D) occurs only in boys.

Question 44

Seven-month-old Ramila was placed on the deep side of a visual cliff apparatus. You would be most likely to find that her heart rate __________, a sign of __________.

A) decelerated; interest
B) accelerated; interest
C) decelerated; fear
D) accelerated; fear

Question 45

Michael has difficulty keeping still, is unable to concentrate on schoolwork, and often acts without thinking. Michael is showing signs of

A) intellectual disability.
B) giftedness.
C) ADHD.
D) typical childhood behavior.

Question 46

Interposition, texture gradient, relative size, and linear perspective all provide cues for

A) visual acuity.
B) depth perception.
C) color perception.
D) visual threshold.

Question 47

The realization that an object's actual size remains the same despite changes in the size of its retinal image is referred to as

A) retinal disparity.
B) size constancy.
C) object permanence.
D) shape constancy.

Question 48

Texture gradient cues are used to infer depth

A) in the newborn.
B) beginning at 3 months of age.
C) by 7 months of age.
D) after the first birthday.

Question 49

Which of the following is NOT correct regarding face-recognition skill?

A) Most adults recognize faces from other races better than faces from their own race.
B) Research has shown that experience leads infants to a more precise configuration of faces, one that includes human faces, but not monkey faces.
C) By 9 months of age, the facial template is modified to reflect the kinds of faces that infants see frequently.
D) Most adults recognize faces from their own race better than faces from other races.

Question 50

Interposition refers to the fact that

A) nearby objects look substantially larger than objects in the distance.
B) parallel lines come together at a single point in the distance.
C) the texture of objects changes from coarse, but distinct, for nearby objects to finer and less distinct for distant objects.
D) nearby objects partially obscure more distant objects.

Question 51

Which of the following is a symptom of ADHD?

A) staying on task
B) being reflective
C) doing well in school
D) being unusually energetic

Question 52

The majority of the crawling infants in the Gibson and Walk study of depth perception using a visual cliff

A) demonstrated no fear of crawling over the deep side.
B) demonstrated depth perception.
C) would crawl over the deep side when called by their mothers.
D) could not discriminate the shallow side from the deep side.

Question 53

The fact that when a person views an object, the retinal images in the left and right eyes differ is called

A) a linear perspective.
B) a texture gradient.
C) retinal disparity.
D) relative size.

Question 54

Four-month-old Justin is likely to have

A) a sense of size constancy, but not of shape constancy.
B) a sense of color and shape constancy, but not of size constancy.
C) no sense of size, shape, or color constancy.
D) a sense of size, shape, and color constancy.

Question 55

__________ is the process by which we select information that will be processed further.

A) Executive network
B) Orienting network
C) Attention network
D) Differentiation network

Question 56

If you looked at a picture of a dog and a cat, when would you judge the cat to be further away than the dog?

A) When the cat looks clear and distinct, while the dog looks blurry.
B) When the cat looks large and the dog looks small.
C) When the cat is partially obscured by the dog.
D) When retinal images of the cat differ greatly, while retinal images of the dog are nearly identical.

Question 57

A visual cliff is used to assess

A) visual acuity.
B) retinal disparity.
C) depth perception.
D) color perception.

Question 58

A depth cue that involves parallel lines coming together at a single point in the distance is referred to as

A) texture gradient.
B) retinal disparity.
C) interposition.
D) linear perspective.

Question 59

Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD)

A) tend to think carefully before acting.
B) are well-liked by their peers at school.
C) often do poorly in school.
D) usually have below normal levels of intelligence.

Question 60

Haley is looking at Bill. The two retinal images of Bill in Haley's eyes are nearly identical. This suggests that

A) Bill is very close to Haley.
B) Bill is very far from Haley.
C) Haley will have difficulty judging how far Bill is from her.
D) Haley can see Bill very clearly.

Question 61

Dynamic systems theory considers the importance of

A) differentiation and integration of individual skills.
B) intersensory redundancy.
C) the orienting response and habituation.
D) retinal disparity, size constancy, and linear perspective.

Question 62

Which is a form of locomotion?

A) holding a bottle
B) crawling
C) using a stick shift
D) building with blocks

Question 63

Who is performing a fine-motor skill?

A) Johnny, who is walking
B) Guy, who is rolling over
C) Vincent, who is scribbling with a pencil
D) Juan, who is playing soccer

Question 64

Which of the following is TRUE of the cause and treatment of ADHD?

A) Drug therapy alone is not very effective in treating hyperactivity.
B) Academic and social skills are best treated with a combination of medication and other treatment.
C) ADHD usually is caused by the child's diet.
D) There is no evidence that heredity contributes to the incidence of ADHD.

Question 65

According to the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD, the most successful approach to dealing with the academic issues associated with ADHD is

A) medical treatment alone.
B) psychosocial treatment alone.
C) medication plus psychosocial treatment.
D) medication plus removal from traditional school environments.

Question 66

When infants are held upright over a treadmill

A) most 3-month-olds demonstrate alternate stepping.
B) most 6- and 7-month-olds demonstrate alternate stepping.
C) only 10-month-olds demonstrate alternate stepping.
D) only infants who could walk already demonstrate alternate stepping.

Question 67

Haley is 2 months old. Which of the following motor milestones is she likely to have most recently attained?

A) chest up
B) sitting with support
C) standing with help
D) grasping object

Question 68

Coordinated movements of the muscles and limbs are referred to as

A) psychological skills.
B) social skills.
C) cognitive skills.
D) motor skills.

Question 69

Most 4-month-olds

A) do not have the muscles necessary to keep their balance.
B) use cues from the inner ears to maintain balance.
C) use only visual cues to maintain balance.
D) cannot maintain balance if they are blindfolded.

Question 70

After first learning to do a backbend and then learning to stand up from a backbend, Janine combined those two elements to do a complete back walkover. Janine's combining of the two component skills to perform a more complex skill is referred to as

A) differentiation.
B) locomotion.
C) a fine-motor skill.
D) integration.

Question 71

In newborns, upright posture is impossible due in part to their tendency to

A) be top-heavy.
B) be bottom-heavy.
C) have a more developed trunk than limbs.
D) have more developed limbs than trunk.

Question 72

__________ refers to mastering component skills.

A) Differentiation
B) Integration
C) Motor skills
D) Locomotion

Question 73

Combining the component skills of a complex motion to form a working whole is called

A) a fine-motor skill.
B) myelinization.
C) differentiation.
D) integration.

Question 74

Research suggests that ADHD

A) has biological roots.
B) is caused by too much sugar.
C) is caused by watching too much television.
D) is often incorrectly diagnosed in children who do not have ADHD.

Question 75

Kamar has just learned to sit without support. Which motor milestone would you expect he has not yet achieved, but will master the soonest?

A) rolling from back to front
B) walking with assistance
C) standing while holding an object for support
D) jumping

Question 76

Motor development involves many distinct skills that are organized and reorganized over time to meet the demands of specific tasks according to

A) intersensory redundancy.
B) dynamic systems theory.
C) differentiation.
D) interposition.

Question 77

The most successful approach to treating hyperactivity is

A) medical treatment alone.
B) social skills training.
C) nutritional counseling.
D) to reduce time spent watching television.

Question 78

In the treatment of ADHD

A) medication is of little benefit.
B) depressants are the most helpful type of medication.
C) psychosocial treatments are not effective.
D) medication with psychosocial treatment is the most effective.

Question 79

Which of the following fine-motor skills is the latest to develop?

A) shaking a toy
B) moving a hand while holding an object
C) using both hands in a coordinated way
D) using only one hand to simply hold an object

Question 80

In order to learn to do a triple jump in ice skating, Jennifer broke the triple jump into its component parts - the take-off, the individual turns, and the landing - and practiced each of those individually. Jennifer was using __________ to master a complex act.

A) locomotion
B) fine-motor skills
C) integration
D) differentiation