Deck 2: Genetic Bases of Child Development

Question 1

Chromosomes consist of

A) eggs and sperm.
B) phenotypes.
C) alleles.
D) deoxyribonucleic acid.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

In vitro fertilization

A) usually is accompanied by surrogate motherhood.
B) is successful about 80% of the time.
C) is less likely to result in the birth of twins or triplets.
D) sometimes involves the use of egg and sperm from donors.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Leslie is homozygous for hair type. Therefore, she must have

A) curly hair.
B) straight hair.
C) one allele for curly hair and one allele for straight hair.
D) either two alleles for curly hair or two alleles for straight hair.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Lilly and Kyle have been unable to conceive a baby through sexual intercourse, so they have decided to try in vitro fertilization. Which of the following is true about their situation?

A) Lilly and Kyle's attempts to have a baby through in vitro fertilization are very likely to be successful.
B) Lilly and Kyle are very likely to have to use a surrogate mother to carry the child.
C) Lilly and Kyle will have to use donor sperm.
D) If Lilly does become pregnant, she will have a higher than average chance of having twins or triplets.

Question 5

An individual who is heterozygous for eye color would have

A) two alleles for brown eyes.
B) one allele for brown eyes and one for blue eyes.
C) two alleles for blue eyes.
D) blue eyes.

Question 6

Blueprints are to a completed house as __________ are to __________.

A) phenotypes; genotypes
B) genotypes; phenotypes
C) recessive genes; dominant genes
D) dominant genes; recessive genes

Question 7

When alleles in a chromosome pair are identical, they are said to be

A) recessive.
B) dominant.
C) heterozygous.
D) homozygous.

Question 8

In vitro fertilization is a procedure in which

A) an egg is fertilized by sperm in a laboratory dish and then placed in the mother's uterus.
B) sperm is injected into the mother's uterus to fertilize her egg.
C) a fertilized egg is extracted from one woman's uterus and then placed in another woman's uterus.
D) a surrogate mother is used to carry another couple's developing fetus.

Question 9

The complete set of genes that makes up a person's heredity is called

A) an allele.
B) deoxyribonucleic acid.
C) a genotype.
D) a phenotype.

Question 10

A fertilized egg contains __________ pairs of chromosomes).

A) 1
B) 22
C) 23
D) 46

Question 11

Which of the following is the best example of a phenotype?

A) blue eyes
B) an allele for sickle-shaped cells
C) an XX chromosome pattern
D) codominant genes

Question 12

Each group of nucleotide bases that provides a specific set of biochemical instructions is called a

A) phenotype.
B) gene.
C) chromosome pair.
D) recessive allele.

Question 13

Kelly and Ruben just had a baby boy. If they could look at their baby's sex chromosomes, they would see

A) one X and one Y chromosome.
B) two Y chromosomes.
C) one Y chromosome and one autosome.
D) two X chromosomes.

Question 14

Who is most likely to have sickle-cell anemia?

A) Tad, a European American
B) Jared, an African American
C) Miguel, an Hispanic American
D) Ed, an Asian American

Question 15

The first 22 pairs of chromosomes

A) contain either X or Y chromosomes.
B) determine the sex of the individual.
C) are called autosomes.
D) do not vary in size.

Question 16

Sex chromosomes

A) do not come in pairs.
B) come in pairs of chromosomes that are about the same size.
C) determine the sex of the child.
D) are the first 22 pairs of chromosomes.

Question 17

Each sperm and egg contains __________ chromosomes.

A) 23
B) 26
C) 46
D) a variable number of

Question 18

Alleles

A) in a chromosome pair are always identical.
B) in a chromosome pair are always different.
C) in a chromosome pair are sometimes identical and sometimes different.
D) occur singly, not in pairs.

Question 19

Autosomal chromosomes

A) come in pairs containing one large and one small chromosome.
B) come in pairs of chromosomes that are about the same size.
C) determine the sex of a child.
D) have an X and a Y chromosome.

Question 20

Jackie has sickle-cell anemia, a condition which is

A) caused by a virus.
B) caused by a bacterial infection.
C) inherited.
D) related to a lack of protein in the diet.

Question 21

Jolie has sickle-cell trait, a temporary, relatively mild form of sickle-cell anemia, but does not have full-blown sickle-cell anemia. Her condition is most likely the result of

A) incomplete dominance between one allele for normal blood cells and one for sickle-shaped cells.
B) two recessive alleles for sickle-shaped cells.
C) a dominant sickle-shaped cell allele and a recessive normal blood cell allele.
D) two dominant alleles for normal blood cells.

Question 22

Tom has Huntington's disease. You would expect him to begin to show signs of nervous system deterioration

A) at birth.
B) during childhood.
C) during adolescence.
D) during middle adulthood.

Question 23

Wendy's development was normal through childhood and early adulthood. However, during her 40s she began to experience muscle spasms, depression, and personality changes. Which of the following disorders or diseases is most likely to be causing her symptoms?

A) phenylketonuria
B) Huntington's disease
C) Turner's syndrome
D) XXX syndrome

Question 24

If the allele for brown eyes is dominant and the allele for blue eyes is recessive, which genotype produces a person with blue eyes?

A) A blue-eyed person is homozygous with two alleles for brown eyes.
B) A blue-eyed person is homozygous with two alleles for blue eyes.
C) A blue-eyed person is heterozygous with one allele for blue eyes and one allele for brown eyes.
D) The alleles for eye color are demonstrating codominance.

Question 25

Inherited disorders

A) are more often caused by recessive alleles than by dominant alleles.
B) are more often caused by dominant alleles than by recessive alleles.
C) are due to dominant alleles about half the time.
D) do not usually seriously impair a child's development.

Question 26

The chemical instructions of a __________ allele in an allele pair will be followed while those of a __________ allele will be ignored.

A) heterozygous; homozygous
B) homozygous; heterozygous
C) recessive; dominant
D) dominant; recessive

Question 27

Recessive alleles are responsible for

A) Down syndrome.
B) Huntington's disease.
C) Klinefelter's syndrome.
D) phenylketonuria.

Question 28

Inherited disorders

A) are most often caused by dominant alleles.
B) are relatively rare.
C) do not run in families.
D) are more common than disorders caused by the wrong number of chromosomes.

Question 29

Why are relatively few inherited disorders caused by dominant alleles?

A) Most disorders caused by dominant alleles lead to sterility, which means the dominant allele will not be passed on.
B) Genetic testing can more readily identify dominant rather than recessive alleles; genetic counseling has more successfully reduced the incidence of disorders caused by dominant alleles.
C) Every person with one of the dominant alleles will have the disorder, and people with most of these disorders do not usually live long enough to reproduce, so the allele will not be passed on.
D) Individuals carrying dominant alleles for a disorder are less likely to actually have the disorder than are individuals carrying a recessive allele for a disorder.

Question 30

Huntington's disease involves progressive deterioration of the nervous system, which causes

A) muscle spasms, depression, and personality changes.
B) schizophrenia.
C) an accumulation of poisonous substances in the body.
D) sterility.

Question 31

When one allele does not dominate another completely, it is a case of

A) recessive inheritance.
B) incomplete dominance.
C) phenotype.
D) polygenic inheritance.

Question 32

Jared was born with a disorder that causes his respiratory and digestive tracts to become clogged with mucus. Jared suffers from

A) Klinefelter's syndrome.
B) Tay-Sachs disease.
C) cystic fibrosis.
D) Turner's syndrome.

Question 33

Huntington's disease is associated with

A) the absence of an important liver enzyme.
B) limited development of secondary sexual characteristics.
C) a progressive deterioration of the nervous system.
D) taller than normal height.

Question 34

__________ is one of the few serious inherited disorders caused by a dominant allele.

A) Sickle-cell disease
B) Phenylketonuria
C) Turner's syndrome
D) Huntington's disease

Question 35

Abner has a dominant allele for a full head of hair and a recessive allele for male pattern baldness. You would expect Abner to

A) be completely bald.
B) be partially bald.
C) have a full head of hair.
D) have thin hair.

Question 36

Lucas has one allele for normal blood cells and one allele for sickle-shaped cells. Lucas' blood cell alleles are

A) recessive.
B) dominant.
C) heterozygous.
D) homozygous.

Question 37

Perry was born with phenylketonuria PKU) which means that

A) she has an intellectual disability and extra 21^st chromosome.
B) a specific amino acid can accumulate and damage her nervous system.
C) she will develop normally until middle adulthood, at which time her nervous system will begin to deteriorate.
D) she has a missing chromosome and will be severely retarded.

Question 38

The disorder in which a person's nervous system degenerates during infancy is called

A) Tay-Sachs disease.
B) albinism.
C) cystic fibrosis.
D) Huntington's disease.

Question 39

Sickle-cell disease

A) occurs in individuals who have one allele for normal blood cells and one allele for sickle-shaped cells.
B) is not an inherited disorder.
C) is not a serious health problem because it is easily cured.
D) is becoming less common in successive generations of African Americans.

Question 40

The most appropriate time for a couple with concerns about their genetic background to seek genetic counseling is

A) before the woman gets pregnant.
B) when the woman gets pregnant.
C) when the couple already has a child with a genetic disorder.
D) when they are about to become grandparents.

Question 41

Aletha and Frank are worried about their 1-year-old baby. His eyes are almond-shaped unlike theirs), his head seems small, and his development is slower than average - he's just now starting to sit up by himself. Which of the following disorders would you suspect their baby has?

A) Huntington's disease
B) Klinefelter's syndrome
C) Turner's syndrome
D) Down syndrome

Question 42

Peter has Klinefelter's syndrome. He is likely to be

A) tall, passive, and have below-normal intelligence.
B) short and have difficulty with spatial relations.
C) of normal height and have delayed language development.
D) tall and of average or above average intelligence.

Question 43

Tina has XXX syndrome. Which of the following characteristics is she likely to have?

A) tall stature, difficulty with spatial relations
B) short stature, difficulty with spatial relations
C) tall stature, below-normal intelligence
D) normal height, delayed motor and language development

Question 44

Children with Down syndrome typically have

A) advanced development.
B) normal development.
C) slower than normal development.
D) no development.

Question 45

__________ is an inherited disorder caused by an extra 21^st chromosome that results in an intellectual disability.

A) Phenylketonuria
B) Huntington's disease
C) Down syndrome
D) Turner's syndrome

Question 46

Who has the greatest risk of having a child with Down syndrome?

A) 15-year-old Meredith
B) 22-year-old Katie
C) 36-year-old Lisa
D) 44-year-old Susan

Question 47

Liz has Turner's syndrome. Which of the following characteristics would you expect her to have?

A) tall stature
B) short stature
C) delayed language development
D) delayed motor development

Question 48

The most common reason for fertilized eggs to spontaneously abort shortly after conception is

A) abnormal autosomal chromosomes.
B) abnormal sex chromosomes.
C) environmental teratogens.
D) maternal disease.

Question 49

Genetic counseling typically involves

A) obtaining a detailed family history and performing tests to help couples with concerns about inherited disorders.
B) informing parents-to-be about how they can have a more intelligent child.
C) the government in making decisions for private citizens.
D) helping couples with fertility problems.

Question 50

Debbie and Paul are thinking about starting a family, but are a little hesitant because there is a history of phenylketonuria in Debbie's family. What should Debbie and Paul do?

A) They should adopt a child if they want children. Anyone with a history of inherited disease in their family should not have children.
B) They should go ahead and try to start a family. If Debbie is a carrier of the disease, she is unlikely to be able to get pregnant.
C) They should go ahead and start trying. Phenylketonuria is not an inherited disease.
D) They should go to genetic counseling to determine what the odds are that they will pass on the disease.

Question 51

There are no chromosomal disorders consisting solely of __________ chromosomes.

A) X
B) Y
C) autosomal
D) sex

Question 52

Victor is tall and has below-normal intelligence. He has symptoms of

A) Turner's syndrome.
B) XXX syndrome.
C) XYY complement.
D) Y syndrome.

Question 53

Cornelius and Janelle sought genetic counseling because of concern that they might have children with sickle-cell disease. The counselor determined they each have one recessive allele for sickle-cells and one dominant allele for healthy blood cells. The counselor would tell them that they have a

A) 100% chance of having a child with sickle-cell disease.
B) 25% chance of having a child with sickle-cell disease and a 50% chance of having a child with sickle-cell trait.
C) 25% chance of having a child with sickle-cell trait and a 50% chance of having a child with sickle-cell disease.
D) 75% chance of having a child with sickle-cell disease.

Question 54

A female who is short, has limited development of secondary sex characteristics, and who has problems with spatial relations would have which of the following disorders?

A) Klinefelter's syndrome
B) XYY complement
C) Turner's syndrome
D) XXX syndrome

Question 55

The extra 21st chromosome that causes Down syndrome is

A) usually provided by the egg.
B) usually provided by the sperm.
C) provided by the egg about half the time and by the sperm about half the time.
D) usually created sometime during prenatal development.

Question 56

Harold has Klinefelter's syndrome which is caused by an) __________ chromosome pattern.

A) XYY
B) XXY
C) Y
D) YY

Question 57

Extra, missing, or damaged chromosomes

A) do not usually disturb development.
B) sometimes disturb development.
C) always disturb development.
D) always cause spontaneous abortion.

Question 58

An XYY complement of sex chromosomes is associated with which of the following characteristics?

A) problems perceiving spatial relations
B) short stature
C) below-normal intelligence
D) susceptibility to heart defects

Question 59

The incidence of Down syndrome

A) increases as the mother gets older.
B) decreases as the mother gets older.
C) decreases as the father gets older.
D) is unrelated to parental age.

Question 60

Individuals with Down syndrome show which of the following characteristics?

A) intellectual disability
B) aggression
C) an extra X chromosome
D) a lack of sexual development

Question 61

A female who has normal stature, but delayed language, and motor development could have which of the following disorders?

A) Klinefelter's syndrome
B) XYY complement
C) Turner's syndrome
D) XXX syndrome

Question 62

Twin studies

A) cannot be used to study polygenic traits such as intelligence.
B) are based on the assumption that monozygotic twins are not more similar genetically than dizygotic twins.
C) are based on the assumption that heredity influences a trait if identical twins are more alike than fraternal twins.
D) often underestimate the influence of heredity because identical twins may have more similar environments than fraternal twins.

Question 63

Adoption studies may be flawed because

A) adopted children are more likely than nonadopted children to have genetic disorders.
B) the results of adoption studies usually conflict with results of twin studies.
C) agencies may try to place adoptees in environments similar to those of their biological parents.
D) parents treat adopted children differently from biological children.

Question 64

If a trait is strongly influenced by genetic factors, you would expect to find that

A) adopted children resemble their biological parents more than their adoptive parents on that trait.
B) adopted children resemble their adoptive parents more than their biological parents on that trait.
C) dizygotic twins would be more similar on that trait than monozygotic twins would be.
D) dizygotic twins would be more similar on that trait than siblings would be.

Question 65

Personality is

A) determined by a single gene.
B) a polygenic trait.
C) determined by the sex chromosomes.
D) not influenced by genetic factors.

Question 66

Mindy and Mandy are dizygotic twins. Therefore, they

A) came from two separate eggs.
B) have the same genes.
C) have no shared genes.
D) cannot be used in a twin study.

Question 67

Which of the following chromosomal disorders does not involve abnormal sex chromosomes?

A) Turner's syndrome
B) XXX syndrome
C) Down syndrome
D) Klinefelter's syndrome

Question 68

When phenotypes are caused by the combined effect of many separate genes, the pattern of inheritance is referred to as

A) polygenic inheritance.
B) dominant-recessive.
C) codominant.
D) sex-linked inheritance.

Question 69

Banta conducts an adoption study to estimate the heritability of intelligence. If intelligence is primarily influenced by the environment, he will find that

A) adopted children's intelligence level is more similar to that of their biological parents than that of their adoptive parents.
B) adopted children's intelligence level is more similar to that of their adoptive parents than that of their biological parents.
C) adopted children's intelligence level is unrelated to that of either their biological or adoptive parents.
D) he cannot determine heritability with an adoption study, therefore he will need to do a twin study.

Question 70

Your professor mentions in a lecture that activity level follows a polygenic pattern of inheritance. You, having already read

A) activity level is a recessive trait.
B) a single gene determines activity level.
C) there is no evidence of a genetic influence on activity level.
D) activity level is determined by the combination of many genes.

Question 71

Twins that come from a single fertilized egg that splits in two are called

A) dizygotic twins.
B) monozygotic twins.
C) fraternal twins.
D) homozygous.

Question 72

__________ twins are to identical twins as __________ twins are to fraternal twins.

A) Homozygous; heterozygous
B) Heterozygous; homozygous
C) Dizygotic; monozygotic
D) Monozygotic; dizygotic

Question 73

Which pair has the most genes in common?

A) mother and daughter
B) identical twins
C) fraternal twins
D) brother and sister

Question 74

Most behavioral and psychological characteristics follow an) __________ pattern of genetic inheritance.

A) dominant-recessive
B) incomplete dominance
C) sex-linked
D) polygenic

Question 75

Adoption studies tend to study mothers more often than fathers because

A) mothers tend to have a stronger genetic influence on their children than fathers do.
B) mothers tend to have a stronger environmental influence on their children than fathers do.
C) fathers generally have less genetic and environmental influence on their children's development than mothers do.
D) it is harder to get information about the fathers than about the mothers.

Question 76

The branch of genetics that addresses the inheritance of behavioral and psychological traits is referred to as

A) evocative genetics.
B) active genetics.
C) behavioral genetics.
D) polygenic genetics.

Question 77

In adoption studies

A) the results may be biased because biological and adoptive parents may be similar.
B) adoptive parents are assumed to provide genetic influence.
C) biological parents are assumed to provide environmental influence.
D) the greater similarity of adoptees to biological than to adoptive parents on a trait would indicate that the trait is influenced by the environment.

Question 78

Tutu uses a twin study to determine the influence of heredity on emotionality. If emotionality is influenced by heredity, he will find that the level of emotionality is more similar in

A) sibling pairs than in identical twins.
B) fraternal twins than in sibling pairs.
C) fraternal twins than in identical twins.
D) identical twins than in fraternal twins.

Question 79

In 2010, Dale, Harlaar, Haworth, and Plomin completed a twin study in which they found evidence suggesting an important role for heredity in the ease with which adolescents learn a second language. Given this,

A) skill in foreign language was more similar among fraternal twins than among identical twins.
B) skill in foreign language was more similar among identical twins than among fraternal twins.
C) skill in foreign language was equal among fraternal and identical twins.
D) skill in foreign language cannot be evaluated using a twin study.

Question 80

Polygenic inheritance

A) reflects the influence of a single gene.
B) determines "either-or" traits, such as eye color.
C) cannot be studied because its influence is too broad.
D) influences behavioral and psychological traits such as intelligence.