Deck 14: Family Relationships

Question 1

Moonbeam's parents are very loving and accepting of her and believe in letting her "do her own thing," rather than trying to control her life. Moonbeam's parents most closely fit the __________ parenting style.

A) uninvolved
B) permissive
C) authoritative
D) authoritarian

Answer 1

B

Question 2

People and objects in an individual's immediate environment comprise an individual's

A) macrosystem.
B) mesosystem.
C) microsystem.
D) exosystem.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Most theorists view families from a contextual perspective that views

A) parents' actions as all that matter for children's development.
B) the family as a system of interacting elements, with parents and children influencing each other.
C) biological factors as the pivotal elements influencing development.
D) social systems outside the family as having little impact on development.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following statements reflects good parenting practices?

A) Parents should exercise little control over their children.
B) Parents should be flexible and not enforce their rules consistently.
C) Parents should not explain their rules.
D) Parents should set standards that are appropriate for their child's age.

Question 5

__________ parenting combines a fair degree of parental control with being warm and responsive to children.

A) Permissive
B) Uninvolved
C) Authoritarian
D) Authoritative

Question 6

The day after he discovered his parents were divorcing, Benji was upset by the news from home and picked a fight at school. Bronfenbrenner would describe this relationship between home and school environments as being part of the

A) exosystem.
B) microsystem.
C) macrosystem.
D) mesosystem.

Question 7

According to the systems view of families,

A) parents influence their children, both directly and indirectly, but children do not influence their parents.
B) a family's neighborhood can affect family dynamics.
C) parents influence their children directly, but not indirectly.
D) a family's culture does not influence family dynamics.

Question 8

Authoritarian parents exhibit __________ control and __________ warmth.

A) high; low
B) low; high
C) high; high
D) low; low

Question 9

Cultural influences are part of the

A) microsystem.
B) macrosystem.
C) mesosystem.
D) exosystem.

Question 10

According to Bronfenbrenner's theory,

A) events that happen in one microsystem do not influence other microsystems.
B) only one's immediate environment influences development.
C) individuals experience exosystems first hand.
D) the macrosystem is the broadest environmental context.

Question 11

Authoritative parents

A) exert restrictive control over their children.
B) are firm, but warm and responsive to their children.
C) exert very little control over their children.
D) are not involved with their children.

Question 12

Parents who are warm and caring, but exert little control over their children have an) __________ parenting style.

A) authoritative
B) authoritarian
C) uninvolved
D) permissive

Question 13

Richard is openly affectionate with his two sons and enjoys spending a great deal of time with them. Richard is high on the __________ dimension of parenting.

A) control
B) authoritarian
C) inhibition
D) warmth

Question 14

Parents who lay down rules for their children to follow without argument are showing which style of parenting?

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) permissive
D) uninvolved

Question 15

When Dustin asked his mother if he could spend the night at a friend's house on a Thursday night, his mother told him, "No, because that's a school night and you'd be tired at school the next day. Would you like to ask your friend to spend the night at our house on Friday?" Dustin's mother appears to take an) __________ approach to parenting.

A) permissive
B) uninvolved
C) authoritative
D) authoritarian

Question 16

__________ parents are neither warm nor controlling.

A) Uninvolved
B) Permissive
C) Authoritarian
D) Authoritative

Question 17

The election of new school board members brought about a radical change of philosophy in Hannah's school system, which changed her teacher's behavior in the classroom. The indirect influence of the composition of the school board on Hannah in her school environment is an example of an)

A) mesosystem.
B) microsystem.
C) exosystem.
D) macrosystem.

Question 18

The ______________ dimension reminds us that microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem are not static, but are often in flux.

A) endosystem
B) chronosystem
C) temperamental
D) ethological

Question 19

You are writing a pamphlet about effective parenting practices. Which of the following statements would be most appropriate to include in the pamphlet?

A) "Show your child who is boss. Allow no discussion, no questioning, no disobedience of your authority."
B) "Don't be rigid. Change your rules often and keep your children guessing."
C) "Communicate with your children. Explain your rules and encourage your children to ask questions if they don't understand or disagree with your standards."
D) "Keep your standards firm. Set standards for behavior at a young age, and keep them the same as your children get older."

Question 20

Sean and Sybil's parents hear an announcement on TV that asks, "Parents, do you know where your children are?" Their answer is, "No, and we don't really want to know where they are." Sean and Sybil's parents are low on which dimension of parenting?

A) control
B) warmth
C) hostility
D) indifference

Question 21

After Josh saw his older brother teasing and taunting their younger sister, Josh started teasing and taunting younger children. This is an example of

A) reinforcement.
B) observational learning.
C) inhibition.
D) counterimitation.

Question 22

Miguel's parents have an authoritative parenting style. You would expect Miguel to

A) be self-reliant.
B) be irresponsible.
C) have low self-esteem.
D) have low grades in school.

Question 23

European American parents are more likely than Chinese parents to believe in the importance of

A) individualism and self-reliance.
B) cooperation and collaboration.
C) parental control.
D) emotional restraint.

Question 24

Sybil wants her daughter to put her dishes in the dishwasher. She shows her how to open the dishwasher, tells her where different items go, and explains that if everyone in the family puts their dishes away, it will be much easier to keep the kitchen clean and pleasant. Sybil is using

A) reinforcement.
B) punishment.
C) direct instruction.
D) inhibition.

Question 25

Although Parker's parents provide him with adequate food and shelter, they often are so busy with their own activities that they spend very little time with him and usually leave him to fend for himself. Parker's parents would be described best as

A) uninvolved.
B) permissive.
C) authoritative.
D) authoritarian.

Question 26

Your friend asks you for advice on how he and his spouse should rear their children so they will turn out to be responsible, self-reliant, sociable, and good students in school. You tell him, "From what I've read in my textbook, my advice is to be __________ parents."

A) permissive
B) uninvolved
C) authoritative
D) authoritarian

Question 27

Praising a child for studying is an example of

A) punishment.
B) counterimitation.
C) reinforcement.
D) inhibition.

Question 28

Which of the following factors is associated with the fact that parents with lower socioeconomic status are more likely to have the authoritarian parenting style than are parents with higher socioeconomic status?

A) Parents with lower socioeconomic status are more educated and consequently often see development as a more complex process that requires a more child-friendly approach.
B) Parents with higher socioeconomic status often lead more stressful lives so parents may be too stressed to invest the energy needed for authoritative parenting.
C) Parents with lower socioeconomic status are more likely to live in neighborhoods where there is violence, drugs, and crime, so having an authoritarian style may actually protect children growing up in dangerous neighborhoods.
D) Parents with higher socioeconomic status place a stronger emphasis on family ties and respecting the roles of parents leads them to adopt the authoritarian parenting style more so than parents with lower socioeconomic status.

Question 29

When a parent unknowingly reinforces behaviors she wants to discourage, it results in

A) a negative reinforcement trap.
B) punishment.
C) counterimitation.
D) inhibition.

Question 30

After Amber saw her parents punish her older sister for using profanity, Amber became less likely to use profanity. This is an example of

A) reinforcement.
B) a negative reinforcement trap.
C) counterimitation.
D) time-out.

Question 31

__________ is any action that increases the likelihood of the reoccurrence of the response that it follows.

A) Punishment
B) Counterimitation
C) Modeling
D) Reinforcement

Question 32

Within the United States, parents with lower socioeconomic status tend to be _____________ than are parents of higher socioeconomic status.

A) more controlling and more punitive
B) less controlling and less punitive
C) warmer and more lenient
D) more univolved

Question 33

Who is MOST likely to have low grades and to get in trouble in school?

A) Vern, whose parents have an authoritarian parenting style
B) Bart, whose parents have a permissive parenting style
C) Glenn, whose parents have an authoritative parenting style
D) Owen, whose parents have an uninvolved parenting style

Question 34

In many Latin American and Asian countries, __________ is stressed more than __________.

A) individualism; collaboration
B) cooperation; individualism
C) control; warmth
D) cooperation; warmth

Question 35

Christine's parents are warm and caring, but exercise little control over her. Christine is most likely to be

A) friendly and get good grades in school.
B) impulsive and have little self-control.
C) aggressive and moody.
D) responsible and self-reliant.

Question 36

Counterimitation involves

A) a child being unwittingly rewarded for an undesired behavior.
B) two children taking turns imitating each other.
C) learning through observation that certain behaviors should not be performed.
D) an increase in all behaviors observed.

Question 37

Children of authoritarian parents typically

A) have high grades in school.
B) have high levels of self-esteem.
C) are the least likely to be involved in misconduct at school.
D) are often unhappy.

Question 38

When Travis teased his younger sister, his parents made him go to his room. His parents were attempting to use __________ to influence Travis's behavior.

A) counterimitation
B) modeling
C) reinforcement
D) punishment

Question 39

When parents tell a child what to do, when, and why, they are using

A) reinforcement.
B) punishment.
C) counterimitation.
D) direct instruction.

Question 40

An action that discourages the reoccurrence of the response that it follows is referred to as

A) reinforcement.
B) punishment.
C) modeling.
D) counterimitation.

Question 41

Research on the impact of divorce on children suggests that

A) children whose parents divorce fare more poorly than children from intact homes in school achievement and adjustment.
B) girls are more likely than boys to have harmful effects.
C) divorce is most harmful when it occurs during children's preschool years.
D) children who are temperamentally emotional are impacted less by divorce.

Question 42

Time-out should last for

A) just a few minutes.
B) about 30 minutes.
C) about 1 hour.
D) several hours.

Question 43

When Arnold misbehaves, his parents have him sit alone for a few minutes in the laundry room, which is quiet and away from the rest of the family. Arnold's parents are using

A) reinforcement.
B) time-out.
C) disinhibition.
D) the negative reinforcement trap.

Question 44

To help children adjust to parental divorce, parents should NOT

A) encourage children to discuss feelings of anger or sadness about the divorce.
B) take out their anger with each other on their children.
C) remain involved in their children's lives if they do not have custody.
D) talk together to children about the divorce.

Question 45

After a time-out occurs, parents should

A) give their child a reward.
B) punish their child.
C) talk to their child about why the punished behavior was objectionable.
D) let their child resume normal activities without mentioning the misbehavior.

Question 46

As children grow older, parents

A) become more physically affectionate with their children.
B) become less controlling of their children.
C) become more controlling of their children.
D) do not change their behavior in terms of either warmth or control.

Question 47

When Daryl's mother asked him to set the table, he complained that he was too tired to do it. After he argued and whined for several minutes, Daryl's mother went ahead and set the table herself just so she wouldn't have to listen to him whine anymore. As a result, Daryl learned that whining is an effective way to get out of doing something. This situation is referred to as the

A) positive reinforcement trap.
B) negative reinforcement trap.
C) punishment trap.
D) parent trap.

Question 48

One reason parental divorce can be harmful is that

A) children often lose a role model.
B) single parents tend to become overly involved in their children's lives.
C) mothers tend to spend too much money on their children after a divorce.
D) unlike children from intact families, children whose parents divorce are exposed to conflict.

Question 49

Punishment

A) should be administered hours after an undesired behavior occurs.
B) teaches children new, more acceptable behaviors.
C) often makes children angry so that they ignore why they are being punished.
D) is not related to greater aggression in children.

Question 50

Parental conflict affects children's development through three distinct mechanisms. Which of the following is NOT one of these mechanisms?

A) When parents are constantly in conflict, children respond positively to conflict because they learn that the family is able to withstand life's problems.
B) Seeing parents fight jeopardizes a child's feeling that the family is stable and secure, making a child feel anxious, frightened, and sad.
C) Chronic conflict between parents often spills over into the parent-child relationship.
D) When parents invest time and energy fighting with each other, they're often too tired or too preoccupied to invest themselves in high-quality parenting.

Question 51

Drew's parents often spank him to correct his misbehaviors. Drew is

A) not likely to repeat his misbehaviors.
B) likely to understand what the punishment was intended to teach him.
C) unlikely to become upset by the punishment.
D) likely to resort to aggression when he has conflicts with others.

Question 52

The impact of divorce is likely to be more harmful

A) for girls than for boys.
B) for boys than for girls.
C) if it occurs during the preschool or college years, rather than during the elementary through high school years.
D) if it occurs during the elementary through high school ,years rather than during the preschool or college years.

Question 53

What advice would you give to parents who want to help their children adjust to parental divorce?

A) Try to get along with your former spouse, especially in regard to child discipline issues.
B) Do what you can to become your children's favorite parent.
C) Be honest with your children about your feelings toward your ex-spouse, even when it means being critical of him or her.
D) When you and your spouse can't agree on child matters, have your child's opinion settle the issue.

Question 54

Corrina is an adult whose parents divorced when she was a child. Compared to adults from intact families, she is

A) no more likely to divorce.
B) more likely to delay having children.
C) more likely to have high life satisfaction.
D) more likely to become depressed.

Question 55

A child argues and whines when his mother asks him to clean his room and then she cleans his room herself so that he will stop whining. This is an example of

A) disinhibition.
B) counterimitation.
C) punishment.
D) a negative reinforcement trap.

Question 56

Studies of the impact of divorce indicate that

A) the overall impact of divorce is greater for girls than for boys.
B) divorce is more harmful when it occurs during the preschool and college years.
C) children whose parents are divorced do not differ from those whose parents stay married.
D) as adults, children of divorce are more likely to experience conflicts in their own marriages.

Question 57

Who is likely to make the best adjustment to parental divorce?

A) Stuart, a boy who lives with his mother
B) Angela, a girl who lives with her father
C) Gabe, a boy who lives with his father
D) Stuart, Angela, and Gabe are equally likely to adjust well to their parents' divorce

Question 58

When Hezron's parents reason with him about complying with their requests, Hezron often does not comply. Hezron's parents are likely to

A) adopt a more authoritarian parenting style.
B) adopt a more authoritative parenting style.
C) adopt a more indulgent-permissive parenting style.
D) continue to use the same parenting style.

Question 59

Parent-child relations are best described as

A) parallel.
B) reciprocal.
C) unchanging.
D) a one-way street.

Question 60

Who is likely to suffer the most harmful effects from parental divorce?

A) David, who is an infant
B) Steven, who is a preschooler
C) Kelly, who is in elementary school
D) Madelyn, who is in college

Question 61

Adopted children

A) tend to lag behind non-adopted children in terms of their cognitive development.
B) are less likely to have a secure mother-infant attachment than non-adopted children.
C) are more likely to have conduct problems if they were adopted at an older age.
D) are at risk for problems solely because they are adopted.

Question 62

Velez, Wolchik, Tein, and Sandler 2011) wanted to determine the benefit for children of an intervention program for divorced mothers that focused primarily on the quality of the mother-child relationship and effective disciplinary methods. What did Velez and colleagues find in their study?

A) By increasing the quality of the mother-child relation, the intervention program reduced children's coping efficacy and active coping.
B) The intervention program reduced the quality of the mother-child relation but improved children's coping efficacy and active coping.
C) By increasing the quality of the mother-child relation, the intervention program improved children's coping efficacy and active coping.
D) The intervention program reduced the quality of the mother-child relation and as a result reduced children's coping efficacy and active coping.

Question 63

Which of the following is TRUE of first-born children compared to later-born children?

A) First-borns have lower scores on intelligence tests.
B) First-borns are more willing to conform to parents' and adults' requests.
C) First-borns are more innovative.
D) First-borns are more popular with peers.

Question 64

Which statement about the adjustment to having a stepfather is TRUE?

A) Preadolescent boys adjust more readily than preadolescent girls to having a stepfather.
B) Preadolescent girls adjust more readily than preadolescent boys to having a stepfather.
C) In early adolescence, both boys and girls usually adjust readily to having a stepfather.
D) In early adolescence, both boys and girls usually have difficulty adjusting to having a stepfather.

Question 65

Tina's grandfather is close to Tina and interested in her activities, but he is not interested in getting involved in her rearing. Which style of grandparenting is Tina's grandfather showing?

A) influential
B) supportive
C) authority-oriented
D) passive

Question 66

Approximately one in 10 ____________ children lives with a grandmother, compared to only one in 25 ____________ children.

A) European American, African American
B) Asian American, European American
C) African American, European American
D) Asian American, African American

Question 67

Ruth and Herman rarely see or talk to their grandchildren except on holidays and at family celebrations. Ruth and Herman have an) __________ style of grandparenting.

A) influential
B) supportive
C) authority-oriented
D) detached

Question 68

Research suggests that only children are likely to be __________ than children with siblings.

A) more selfish
B) more intelligent
C) less mature
D) more egotistical

Question 69

Which of the following is an example of a blended family?

A) two sisters and two brothers
B) a father, mother, son, and daughter
C) a grandfather, father, and son
D) a biological father, stepmother, and two sons

Question 70

Grandparents can affect their grandchildren's lives indirectly through the intergenerational transmission of parental attitudes and practices. Which of the following scenarios illustrates this point?

A) Delia had affectionate parents as a child. Now that she is a parent herself, she is affectionate toward her children.
B) Gertrude is an influential grandmother who plays an active role in the rearing of her grandson Howard.
C) Judy's teenage daughter recently gave birth to a son Julian. Judy has taken on the primary responsibility of raising Julian since her daughter is still in high school.
D) Rudolph lives with her daughter and granddaughter in order to help his daughter pay the bills. Rudolph also serves as his granddaughter's child care during the day since they cannot afford daycare.

Question 71

Jade spends much of her time at her grandmother's house, with her grandmother taking care of her daily needs for food, clothing, and attention. Her grandmother is often the one who goes to school to meet with Jade's teacher and to see Jade when she takes part in various school activities. Jade's grandmother would be described best as having which of the following grandparenting styles?

A) influential
B) supportive
C) authority-oriented
D) passive

Question 72

Based on current research, are the only children in today's China less cooperative and more self-centered than previous generations of Chinese youngsters when there wasn't a limit on family size?

A) Yes - these "onlies" are less concerned with pleasing their parents' and other adults' requests.
B) Yes - only children in China tend to be less interested in academics than past generations of children.
C) Yes and No - these "onlies" still follow the requests of their elders, but they do so only if it also benefits themselves too.
D) No - only children in China are no different than non-only children of past generations.

Question 73

Carl is an African American child whose mother is a single parent. Carl and his mother live with his grandmother, who has taken on the role of the influential grandparent. Carl

A) would be better off if his grandmother took a less active role in his upbringing.
B) is more likely to become involved in drug use and vandalism than a child living alone with a single-parent.
C) is likely to resemble children living in two-parent families more than children living in single-parent families in terms of achievement and adjustment.
D) is likely to have lower achievement than he would if they did not live with his grandmother.

Question 74

Children of lesbian mothers

A) have lower grades in school than children of heterosexual mothers.
B) have more psychological problems than children of heterosexual mothers.
C) are less likely to identify with their own gender.
D) resemble children of heterosexual parents in many domains.

Question 75

What advice would you give to a newly created blended family?

A) Stepfathers should show interest in stepchildren, but avoid getting in the way of established relationships.
B) Mothers should spend more time with the stepfathers and less time with their children than they did before their remarriage.
C) Mothers and stepfathers should have high expectations for the relationships they have with their children.
D) Mothers and stepfathers should realize that their children will probably never adjust to the blended family.

Question 76

Danielle is a first-born child whereas Samantha is a later-born child. Which of the following is TRUE?

A) Danielle is more likely to go to college.
B) Danielle is likely to be more innovative.
C) Samantha is likely to be more willing to conform to parents' and adults' requests.
D) Samantha is likely to be less popular.

Question 77

Grandparents tend to be more involved when

A) they live far from their grandchildren.
B) they have many grandchildren.
C) their children their grandchildren's parents) encourage involvement.
D) they didn't have much of a relationship with their own granparents.

Question 78

Joe's grandfather is a strict disciplinarian who often disciplines his grandson, but otherwise he doesn't spend a lot of time with Joe. Joe's grandfather has an) __________ style of grandparenting.

A) influential
B) supportive
C) authority-oriented
D) passive

Question 79

Sarah was reared by her mother and her mother's lesbian companion. Research suggests that Sarah is

A) likely to develop much the same as children reared by heterosexual couples.
B) likely to be homosexual as an adolescent or young adult.
C) unlikely to develop typical gender-based interests, activities, and friends as a preschooler.
D) likely to have a poor self-concept.

Question 80

As parents have more children, they tend to

A) increase their expectations for their children.
B) become more affectionate with their children.
C) become more punitive with their children.
D) become more relaxed in their discipline.