Deck 10: Emotional Development

Question 1

A social smile typically occurs when an infant

A) was recently fed.
B) is asleep.
C) sees another human face.
D) is at least 1 year of age.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Researchers often use __________ to assess an infant's emotional state.

A) facial expressions
B) subjective feelings
C) the Strange Situation
D) systematic desensitization

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Who is experiencing a complex emotion?

A) Tim, who is happy
B) Todd, who is embarrassed
C) Ramon, who is disgusted
D) Victor, who is surprised

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Complex emotions

A) emerge before basic emotions.
B) are universal.
C) involve feelings of success when one's standards or expectations are met and feelings of failure when they aren't.
D) include feelings of happiness, anger, and disgust.

Question 5

Hezron has experienced basic emotions, such as happiness and anger, but he is unlikely to feel more complex emotions such as guilt, embarrassment, or pride until he

A) has some understanding of the self.
B) experiences a physiological reaction linked to his emotions.
C) displays overt behaviors associated with his subjective feelings.
D) goes through systematic desensitization.

Question 6

In the first month, infants may smile

A) while asleep.
B) when asleep and when softly touched - serving as social smiles.
C) while asleep and when softly touched - reflexive responses to bodily states.
D) when they see another person. .

Question 7

One of the first signs of fear in an infant often occurs when

A) infants are in the presence of an unfamiliar adult.
B) infants are picked up by a familiar adult.
C) a stranger talks to other adults instead of picking up the baby.
D) a favorite food or toy is taken away.

Question 8

Stranger wariness is a sign of

A) anger.
B) sadness.
C) fear.
D) happiness.

Question 9

Social smiles typically first appear at

A) birth.
B) 2 months of age.
C) 6 months of age.
D) 18 months of age.

Question 10

Complex emotions don't usually emerge until

A) 4 to 6 months of age.
B) 9 to 12 months of age.
C) 18 to 24 months of age.
D) 3 to 4 years of age.

Question 11

Basic emotions

A) do not involve a physiological change.
B) are not expressed in an overt behavior.
C) vary from culture to culture.
D) involve a subjective feeling.

Question 12

Which of the following would be the element of a basic emotion referred to as a subjective feeling?

A) a smile
B) an increase in heart rate
C) bumping into a chair
D) being so happy you feel like you're floating on air

Question 13

Which of the following is a basic emotion?

A) pride
B) guilt
C) happiness
D) embarrassment

Question 14

Your niece is 7 months old and you are about to meet her for the first time. You are concerned that she will be afraid of you and want to minimize the chance that meeting you will cause her stranger anxiety. What would you do?

A) Greet her and give her your complete attention as soon as you meet her.
B) Arrange to see her for the first time in an environment that is familiar to her.
C) Meet her in an environment that is unfamiliar to her.
D) Pick her up right away when you meet her.

Question 15

Stranger wariness

A) emerges a few weeks after birth.
B) provides a natural restraint against the tendency for mobile infants to wander away from familiar caregivers.
C) is greater when infants are in a familiar environment.
D) is not related to the stranger's behavior.

Question 16

Basic emotions consist of a subjective feeling, an overt behavior, and

A) a physiological change.
B) an evaluative component.
C) a cultural-specific expression.
D) an advanced cognitive component.

Question 17

Which of the following emerges first?

A) anger
B) embarrassment
C) pride
D) fear

Question 18

Which fear is likely to occur at the youngest age?

A) fear of strangers
B) fear of the dark
C) fear of imaginary creatures
D) fear of snakes

Question 19

Seven-month-old Lydia looked away and started to fuss when her mother's college roommate, who hadn't visited since Lydia was born, got Lydia up from her nap. Lydia's reaction is most likely the result of

A) social referencing.
B) systematic desensitization.
C) insecure attachment.
D) stranger wariness.

Question 20

The first distinct displays of anger typically occur

A) at birth.
B) between 4 and 6 months of age.
C) between 12 and 18 months of age.
D) during the preschool years.

Question 21

By __________ of age, infants begin to be able to distinguish facial expressions associated with different emotions.

A) 1 month
B) 6 months
C) 12 months
D) 24 months

Question 22

Emotion regulation begins in

A) infancy.
B) the preschool years.
C) the school-age years.
D) adolescence.

Question 23

In social referencing

A) an infant has a preference for being with other people, rather than for being alone.
B) infants use their parents' facial expressions to help them interpret unfamiliar situations.
C) deep relaxation is associated with progressively more anxiety-producing situations.
D) an infant has a set of expectations about parents' availability and responsivity.

Question 24

Results of the New York Longitudinal Study NYLS) indicated that the largest group of babies was categorized as

A) easy babies.
B) difficult babies.
C) slow-to-warm-up babies.
D) average babies.

Question 25

Adriana often cries, responds intensely to new situations, does not have regular eating and sleeping schedules, and is very active. Adriana most closely fits Thomas and Chess's __________ temperament classification.

A) slow-to-warm-up
B) sociable
C) difficult
D) easy

Question 26

An infant's consistent mood and style of behavior is called

A) emotionality.
B) rhythmicity.
C) temperament.
D) intensity of reaction.

Question 27

The ability to recognize others' emotions

A) can be used in social referencing.
B) emerges after the first birthday.
C) is not related to the ability to discriminate different facial expressions.
D) decreases with age.

Question 28

All of the following are correct regarding school refusal behavior EXCEPT

A) sometimes reflects a child's desire to pursue enjoyable activities, such as playing video games, instead of aversive ones, such as doing schoolwork.
B) sometimes reflects a child's desire to avoid school-related situations that are frightening.
C) sometimes reflects an effort to get attention from parents.
D) sometimes reflects an inability to express self-conscious emotions.

Question 29

According to Thomas and Chess's temperament categories, a difficult baby and a slow-to-warm-up baby would be alike in that they both would

A) usually be unhappy.
B) be relatively active.
C) respond intensely when they disliked something.
D) be upset by unfamiliar situations.

Question 30

Which of the following is most effective way to treat school refusal behavior?

A) Gradually expose the child to fear-provoking school situations.
B) Teach the child techniques for relaxation when confronting fear-provoking situations.
C) Reinforce the child for attending school.
D) All of the above are effective techniques used together for reducing school refusal behavior.

Question 31

Temperament is defined as

A) the amount of physical and motor activity an infant exhibits in daily situations.
B) the ease with which an infant adjusts to changes in the environment.
C) an infant's regularity in eating, sleeping, and toileting.
D) an infant's behavior style that is stable across situations and biologically based.

Question 32

You have noticed that your sister's baby, Carrie, is relatively inactive and is typically unhappy. She typically shows a mild dislike for new foods and unfamiliar places, but is NOT upset by unfamiliar situations. After reading about Thomas and Chess's temperament classifications, you decide that Carrie has an) __________ temperament.

A) easy
B) slow-to-warm-up
C) sociable
D) difficult

Question 33

Unlike basic emotions, complex emotions

A) do not involve an evaluative component.
B) involve a physiological change.
C) involve a subjective feeling.
D) are triggered by different events in different cultures.

Question 34

Eight-year-old Megan reads a sentence such as "You are home all alone," and is asked how she would feel in the situation. Megan is likely to believe that this situation

A) cannot make a person feel more than one emotion at the same time.
B) cannot make a person experience two different emotions that differ in intensity at the same time.
C) can make a person feel both good and bad at the same time.
D) cannot influence how a person feels.

Question 35

Which of the following statements correctly illustrates the cultural differences in emotional expression for American and Asian children?

A) American elementary-school children are embarrassed by public displays of individual achievement, but show great pride when their entire class is honored for an achievement.
B) Asian elementary-school children often show pride at personal achievement, such as getting the highest grade on a test or being chosen student of the month.
C) In many Asian countries, outward displays of emotions are discouraged in favor of emotional restraint.
D) American preschool children are less like than Chinese preschool children to smile at funny pictures or express disgust after smelling vinegar.

Question 36

Which of the following children is demonstrating the use of display rules?

A) Maddie hides her eyes when she is feeling shy.
B) Cliff tries really hard to control his anger because he likes you.
C) Jasmine stops her temper tantrum because her mother threatens punishment.
D) Warren looks at his grandmother to see if she looks angry before he jumps off the couch.

Question 37

When 1-year-old Kim was shown a new toy, she looked at her mother who appeared to be afraid of the toy. Kim became distressed and moved away from the toy. Kim used __________ to regulate her own behavior.

A) an internal working model
B) systematic desensitization
C) social referencing
D) stranger anxiety

Question 38

Irina is a happy, cheerful baby who adjusts well to new situations. She sleeps, eats, and toilets on a regular schedule. Thomas and Chess would categorize Irina's temperament as

A) emotional.
B) easy.
C) slow-to-warm-up.
D) difficult.

Question 39

Culturally specific standards for appropriate expressions of emotion in a particular setting or with a particular person or persons are known as

A) display rules.
B) emotional regulation.
C) self-conscious emotions.
D) systematic desensitization.

Question 40

During the elementary school years, children

A) become less likely to modify their behavior according to other people's emotions.
B) begin to realize that people can have "mixed feelings."
C) become less able to recognize other people's emotions.
D) show little change in understanding the emotions of others.

Question 41

Studies of links between temperament and developmental outcomes have found

A) distractible children are more likely to succeed in school.
B) anxious children are less likely to comply with parents' rules.
C) shy children often have problems interacting with peers.
D) persistent children are less likely to succeed in school.

Question 42

During what stage of attachment development do infants begin to understand parents' feelings and goals and sometimes use this knowledge to guide their own behavior?

A) preattachment
B) attachment in the making
C) true attachment
D) reciprocal relationships

Question 43

Who is most likely to have just recently singled out an attachment figure?

A) Felicity, who is 1 month of age
B) Samantha, who is 3 months of age
C) Addy, who is 7 months of age
D) Molly, who is 1 year of age

Question 44

Your friend, Sandy, interacts with her baby abruptly and lacks confidence. You would expect her baby to be

A) more likely to develop an intense, difficult temperament.
B) less likely to develop an intense, difficult temperament.
C) temperamentally unaffected by how his mother interacts with him, because temperament is determined by heredity.
D) temperamentally unaffected by how his mother interacts with him, because temperament does not develop until later in childhood.

Question 45

Which of the following statements about temperament is TRUE?

A) The influence of temperament depends on the environment in which children develop.
B) Infants and toddlers who temperamentally resist control tend to be prone to behavior problems when they are older if their mothers try to exert control over them.
C) Adolescents who are temperamentally cheerful are more affected by life stressors and, therefore, more likely to drink, smoke, or use drugs.
D) Temperament is the sole determining factor of many aspects of development.

Question 46

According to __________ theory, children who form an attachment to an adult are more likely to survive.

A) evolutionary
B) psychodynamic
C) behavioral
D) Piagetian

Question 47

Temperament is moderately stable throughout infancy, childhood, and adolescence. Given this, which of the following DOES NOT correctly demonstrates this stability?

A) Newborns who cry under moderate stress tend, as 5-month-olds, to cry when they are placed in stressful situations.
B) When inhibited toddlers are adults, they respond more strongly to unfamiliar stimuli.
C) Outgoing 2-year-olds tend to be more reserved 8-year-olds.
D) Inhibited 2-year-olds tend to be shy 4-year-olds.

Question 48

Asian infants tend to be __________ than European American infants.

A) less sociable
B) more active
C) more distractible
D) less emotional

Question 49

Which infant is MOST likely to cry when getting a shot?

A) Lina, who is Japanese
B) Jiang, who is Chinese
C) Grace, who is European American
D) Lina, Jiang, and Grace are equally likely to cry when getting a shot

Question 50

Cross-cultural studies of temperament have shown

A) that Japanese and Chinese babies are more emotional in stressful situations than European American babies.
B) that European American babies are more emotional in stressful situations than Asian babies.
C) that any cultural differences in emotionality cannot be explained by the behavior of the mothers.
D) no differences in emotionality between Asian and American babies.

Question 51

Which of the following is INCORRECT regarding the DRD4 gene?

A) It is a temperament gene.
B) It is linked to behaviors that make up temperamente.g., novelty seeking, fearfulness).
C) It is linked to brain systems that regulate attention, motivation, and reward.
D) One allele for this gene is associated with novelty-seeking in adults.

Question 52

Nicolette is starting to respond preferentially to her mother than to other people. She is soothed more quickly by her mom, but still enjoys attention from almost anyone. She does not yet exhibit stranger anxiety. Bowlby would consider Nicolette to be in which stage of the development of attachment?

A) preattachment
B) attachment in the making
C) true attachment
D) reciprocal relationships

Question 53

The infant singles out the attachment figure at approximately what age?

A) 4 weeks
B) 2 months
C) 7 months
D) 1 year

Question 54

Temperament from infancy to childhood is

A) completely unrelated.
B) very unstable.
C) somewhat stable.
D) very stable.

Question 55

After reading about research on temperament and developmental outcomes, which of the following children would most surprise you?

A) Kyle, an active and distractible child who has difficulty in school.
B) Lonnie, a shy and inhibited child who has difficulty interacting with his peers.
C) Richie, an anxious and fearful child who often breaks his parents' rules.
D) Brian, a persistent child who does well in school.

Question 56

Mia is a European American mother. Seiko is a Japanese mother. Compared to Mia, Seiko is

A) likely to spend more time in close physical contact with her baby.
B) likely to spend less time in close physical contact with her baby.
C) less likely to attempt to soothe her baby.
D) likely to exhibit no differences in how she interacts with her baby.

Question 57

The evolutionary perspective on attachment is that it

A) is learned through reinforcement and punishment.
B) is the result of the resolution of conflicts that are centered on various parts of the body.
C) increases the infant's likelihood of survival.
D) was important to human evolution but has no value in modern society.

Question 58

According to Mary Rothbart, infants who are high on effortful control tend to be

A) high on surgency/extraversion and low on negative affect.
B) low on surgency/extraversion and high on negative affect.
C) high on surgency/extraversion and high on negative affect.
D) low on surgency/extraversion and low on negative affect.

Question 59

Studies of temperament in twins have found that

A) fraternal twins are more alike in temperament than are identical twins.
B) identical twins are more alike in temperament than are fraternal twins.
C) there are no differences in the degree of similarity in temperament in fraternal and identical twins.
D) heredity does not seem to influence temperament.

Question 60

Walter is an infant who is angry, fearful, frustrated, and not easily soothed. According to Mary Rothbart, Walter would be high on which dimension of temperament?

A) surgency/extraversion
B) negative affect
C) effortful control
D) helpful behavior

Question 61

What advice would you give to parents who want their infants to become securely attached to them?

A) Have a rigid personality style.
B) Don't reinforce infant crying by responding whenever your child cries.
C) Place children in full time day care before their first birthday.
D) Respond to your infant predictably and sensitively.

Question 62

Which infant is most likely to form a secure attachment?

A) Hallie, whose parents respond predictably and appropriately to her needs.
B) Erin, who has a difficult temperament.
C) Bernie, who sleeps in a dormitory with other children under 12.
D) Steven, whose mother has a rigid personality style.

Question 63

Who is LEAST likely to develop a secure attachment relationship?

A) Amber, who has an easy temperament and a mother with a rigid personality.
B) Baylee, who has an easy temperament and a mother with a flexible personality.
C) Carlie, who has a difficult temperament and a mother with a rigid personality.
D) Donnelle, who has a difficult temperament and a mother with a flexible personality.

Question 64

As infants, Nate was securely attached and Will was insecurely attached. In their preschool years, you would expect to find

A) that Will interacts more confidently and successfully with his peers than does Nate.
B) that Nate interacts more confidently and successfully with his peers than does Will.
C) that Nate, but not Will, shows abnormal levels of hostility.
D) no predictable differences between Nate and Will in terms of their social interactions.

Question 65

__________ is used to study attachment relationships.

A) A Social Smile
B) Systematic Desensitization
C) Stranger Anxiety
D) The Strange Situation

Question 66

When Aida's mother left her with a new babysitter, Aida was not upset. When her mother returned, Aida ignored her. Aida appears to have an) __________ attachment to her mother.

A) resistant
B) disorganized disoriented)
C) avoidant
D) secure

Question 67

The set of expectations that infants form about parents' availability and responsiveness generally and in times of stress is referred to as

A) an internal working model.
B) self-conscious emotions.
C) display rules.
D) social referencing.

Question 68

Children who had secure attachments as infants

A) tend to have more satisfying later social relationships.
B) have more fights with friends when they are 3 and 4 years old.
C) show high levels of hostility as preschoolers.
D) tend to have lower-quality friendships as children.

Question 69

When 1-year-old Hayley's mother left her in an unfamiliar room, Hayley cried. When her mother returned, Hayley wanted to be held for a minute, but then wanted to get down and play. Hayley appears to have an) __________ attachment to her mother.

A) avoidant
B) secure
C) disorganized disoriented)
D) resistant

Question 70

Fathers

A) interact with their babies in the same ways that mothers do.
B) are more likely to engage in physical play with their babies than are mothers.
C) are more likely than mothers to be a source of comfort when babies are distressed.
D) spend more time taking care of their children than playing with them.

Question 71

The majority of American babies have __________ attachment relationships.

A) disorganized disoriented)
B) resistant
C) avoidant
D) secure

Question 72

One-year-old Celia has come to expect that when she cries, her mother will respond quickly and take good care of her. One-year-old Shannon doesn't know what her mother's reaction to her cries will be. Celia and Shannon differ in their

A) display rules.
B) social referencing.
C) internal working models.
D) systematic desensitization.

Question 73

Which of the following children is LEAST likely to develop a secure attachment relationship?

A) Amit, an Israeli infant who sleeps in a dormitory with older children and receives inconsistent attention when he gets upset at night.
B) Merel, a Dutch infant whose mother received three months of caregiver training.
C) Catalina, a Romanian infant living in an orphanage who has an attentive and emotionally involved institution caregiver.
D) Lester, an American infant whose mother responds to his needs consistently and with sensitivity.

Question 74

Which of the following is NOT correct regarding the patterns of attachment worldwide?

A) Secure attachment is the most common form worldwide.
B) In Japan, avoidant attachment is much more common than resistant attachment.
C) In Germany, avoidant attachment is much more common than resistant attachment.
D) Differences in attachment patterns worldwide reflect cultural variations in parents' expectations about infant behavior.

Question 75

Infants usually form attachments

A) only to mothers.
B) only to fathers.
C) to mothers and fathers.
D) to only one person, whoever is the primary caregiver.

Question 76

A secure attachment is most likely to occur when

A) parents spend a lot of time with their child.
B) parents respond to their child in an inconsistent manner.
C) babies have a difficult temperament.
D) parents are sensitive and responsive to their baby.

Question 77

A researcher conducts a study using the Strange Situation. The researcher is studying

A) the stability of temperament.
B) the development of basic emotions.
C) infants' recognition of others' emotions.
D) attachment relationships.

Question 78

When Kylie's mother left her at the babysitter's house, Kylie was upset and cried. When Kylie's mother returned, Kylie was still angry and would not be consoled by her mother. Which type of attachment does Kylie seem to have?

A) disorganized disoriented)
B) resistant
C) avoidant
D) secure

Question 79

Annie has a disorganized disoriented) attachment relationship with her mother. In the Strange Situation she

A) probably will not be upset when her mother leaves and is likely to ignore her when she returns.
B) may or may not cry when her mother leaves, but is likely to seek her when she returns.
C) is likely to be upset when her mother leaves and angry and difficult to console when she returns.
D) may be confused when her mother leaves and not really understand what's happening when she returns.

Question 80

If Bill and Mary are typical parents of a baby, which of the following is most likely to be true?

A) Their baby is likely to become attached to Mary, but not to Bill.
B) Bill is likely to spend more time playing with their baby than taking care of him.
C) Bill and Mary are likely to spend equal amounts of time reading and talking to their baby.
D) Their infant is likely to prefer Mary over Bill as a playmate.