Deck 2: Drug-Taking Behaviour: Personal and Social Issues

Question 1

Polydrug use refers to the use of a drug at different dosage levels from administration to administration.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Illegal drugs cause the largest number of deaths per year.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

In British Columbia in 2008, men outnumbered women two-to-one in terms of deaths due to illicit drugs.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

If an LD₁₀₀ dose were to be given to a group of 50 mice, all of them would die.

Question 5

Cocaine has been used as a local anaesthetic in Canada.

Question 6

According to DAWN statistics, it is far more common for drug-related deaths to be a result of monodrug rather than a result of polydrug use.

Question 7

All substances have the potential for toxicity.

Question 8

The DAWN reporting program includes all emergency department patients in the United States.

Question 9

Water has the potential for being a psychoactive substance.

Question 10

The Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse (CCSA) routinely gathers data concerning drug-related medical emergencies in Canada, but these data are not as extensive as the DAWN statistics in the United States.

Question 11

Injecting heroin followed by snorting heroin is an example of polydrug use.

Question 12

Examining the properties of a drug's effect is the same as examining the properties of the drug itself.

Question 13

The margin of safety measure of a particular drug is a more conservative (in the direction of safety) measure of drug toxicity than the therapeutic index for that drug.

Question 14

If a drug is ED₅₀, it means the drug will become toxic if 50 mg of the drug is taken.

Question 15

A patient mentions drinking eight glasses of vodka and gin during a drug-related ED visit. This is an example of an alcohol-in-combination DAWN case.

Question 16

Each effect produced by a particular drug will have its own dose-response curves.

Question 17

The higher the margin of safety ratio, the more toxic the drug.

Question 18

A problem with street drugs is that the user doesn't know the toxicity risks until the drug has been used.

Question 19

Multiple substance use is another name for polydrug use.

Question 20

The question of drug safety depends on whether a drug can be toxic at low doses.

Question 21

The concept of physical dependence originates from observations of heroin abusers.

Question 22

In most cases, the dosage levels taken by drug abusers would be lethal if taken by a first-time user.

Question 23

Withdrawal symptoms involve symptoms generally opposite to the original effect of the drug.

Question 24

A dirty needle carries the risk of HIV infection but not of hepatitis infection.

Question 25

Tolerance is maximized when the user always takes the drug in the same setting.

Question 26

According to recent DAWN statistics, there has been a greater number of drug-related ED visits for prescription of OTC medications than of illicit drugs alone. Narcotic analgesics are on the rise.

Question 27

If an individual experiences drug tolerance, an increasing dose must be taken over time in order to maintain the same level of drug effect.

Question 28

Drug tolerance is to setting as behavioural tolerance is to repetition.

Question 29

Most addicts completing the withdrawal process in its entirety do not become re-addicted.

Question 30

In an experiment discussed in the text, laboratory animals would choose cocaine over food even if the animal was starving to death.

Question 31

Continuing drug-taking behaviour in order to avoid withdrawal is one indication of physical dependence.

Question 32

Drug abusers take drug doses, which are well beyond the LD-response curve amounts.

Question 33

There are more fatalities from chronic smoking of tobacco than from illicit drug use.

Question 34

Behavioural tolerance is based on Pavlovian conditioning.

Question 35

The existence of physical dependence in a particular drug hinges upon the presence of physical withdrawal symptoms should the individual stop taking the drug.

Question 36

The greater the extent of drug-taking behaviour during pregnancy, the more likely there will be adverse consequences during labour and delivery.

Question 37

Withdrawal symptoms are approximately the same for every psychoactive drug.

Question 38

Someone cannot be both physically and psychologically dependent on a drug.

Question 39

DAWN statistics show that many emergencies involve drugs being taken in combination with alcohol.

Question 40

The placental barrier protects a fetus from toxic substances in the mother.

Question 41

Canada uses five "schedules" to classify controlled substances.

Question 42

Cocaine is an example of a Schedule I drug.

Question 43

There is a statistical association between the use of illicit drugs and crime.

Question 44

Currently in Canada, a contract, called a drug licence, is required to fabricate, package, label, distribute, import, wholesale, or test a drug.

Question 45

Needle-exchange programs increase the prevalence of illicit drug use.

Question 46

Tendencies toward violence have been observed during times of crack withdrawal as well as crack intoxication.

Question 47

The Opium Act was the first North American law that made opiates illegal.

Question 48

The smoking of opium was opposed at least in part because of its association with Chinese immigrants.

Question 49

Under a laissez-faire philosophy, the government would assert little or no regulatory control with respect to drugs.

Question 50

In Canada, different amounts of cannabis and cannabis products are classified by different "schedules."

Question 51

All psychoactive drugs have the same adverse effects on the fetus.

Question 52

Violence resulting directly from the physiological effects of an injected drug is referred to as systemic violence.

Question 53

Systemic violence might include robbing a shopkeeper in order to get money to buy drugs.

Question 54

The DSM-5 includes three diagnosis categories for substance-related disorders.

Question 55

Fetal effects of methamphetamine are unknown but likely to be similar to the effects of cocaine-reducing normal fetal blood flow.

Question 56

The high price of illicit drugs on the street contributes to the incidence of economically compulsive violence.

Question 57

Drug-taking behaviour was not viewed negatively in Canada until the Food and Drug Regulations Act came into effect in 1947.

Question 58

Prescription drugs have little effect on pregnant woman and the newborn.

Question 59

The current legislation that controls the possession, production, selling, or importation of drugs is the Narcotic Control Act.

Question 60

Needle-exchange programs are available in all Canadian cities.

Question 61

According to the text, which of the following account(s) for about 80% of the social cost of substance abuse?

A) Alcohol
B) Tobacco
C) Illicit drugs
D) Both A and B

Question 62

According to the text, each year in Canada, it is estimated that there is a social cost of approximately ________________ due to substance abuse.

A) $9 billion
B) $19 billion
C) $29 billion
D) $39 billion

Question 63

An effective dose (ED) of a drug depends upon __________.

A) what drug effect is being observed
B) what percentage of the test population you have specified
C) both A and B
D) neither A nor B

Question 64

The therapeutic index is a way of comparing __________.

A) the LD₅₀ against the LD₁
B) the LD₁ against the ED₉₉
C) the ED₉₉ against the ED₅₀
D) the LD₅₀ against the ED₅₀

Question 65

The LD-response curve for a particular drug will always be positioned ________ with respect to the ED-response curve.

A) on top
B) farther to the left
C) farther to the right
D) at the bottom

Question 66

A dose-response curve is generally shaped as a(n) __________.

A) S
B) U
C) inverted U
D) inverted V

Question 67

Pablo Escobar created the first modern-day cocaine trafficking alliance.

Question 68

A drug slowing the rate of respiration to dangerously low levels immediately following its administration is an example of __________.

A) acute toxicity
B) collateral toxicity
C) conditional toxicity
D) chronic toxicity

Question 69

Movies produced and released in the 1930s contributed to marijuana being made illegal.

Question 70

When reporting the ED₅₀ of a drug, the "50" refers to __________.

A) 50 milligrams of the drug
B) 50% of the test population
C) volunteers that are 50 years of age or older
D) 50% of the maximal dose that is possible to administer

Question 71

________ is defined as the possibility that the short-term effects of a particular drug will trigger a toxic reaction.

A) Acute toxicity
B) Collateral toxicity
C) Conditional toxicity
D) Chronic toxicity

Question 72

The toxic dose is a measure that is commonly calculated in __________.

A) animal studies
B) children under 6 years of age
C) clinical trials with humans
D) people taking other medications

Question 73

An analogue is a substance with a different chemical structure, but same effects, as another drug.

Question 74

The ratio of the LD₅₀ over the ED₅₀ is called the __________.

A) therapeutic index
B) margin of safety
C) effective dose for a particular drug effect
D) lethal dose

Question 75

Analogy: The ED-response curve is to the LD-response curve as __________.

A) effective is to lethal
B) emotional is to linguistic
C) early is to late
D) illicit is to licit

Question 76

An extreme case of intoxication can involve which of the following nondrug substances?

A) Broccoli
B) Chocolate
C) Water
D) Sushi

Question 77

As dose level rises, it is likely that the effect produced by the drug __________.

A) rises as well
B) rises and then falls
C) falls and then rises
D) remains the same

Question 78

If a drug is dangerous, poisonous, or in some way interferes with a person's normal functioning, that drug is said to be __________.

A) toxic
B) addictive
C) illicit
D) acute

Question 79

With regard to the social cost of substance abuse in Canada, alcohol and tobacco account for about __________ of the cost and illegal drugs account for about __________.

A) 30%; 70%
B) 80%; 20%
C) 60%; 40%
D) 50%; 50%

Question 80

An S-shaped graph (dose-response curve) helps explain __________.

A) drug addiction
B) drug elasticity
C) drug toxicity
D) none of the above