Deck 3: How Drugs Work in the Body and on the Mind

Question 1

Elimination of drugs can be done via sweat and saliva.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Orally administered drugs are ingested at higher-than-needed doses because some of the drug will not make it through the bloodstream.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The psychoactive effects of intravenous injections are faster than those of inhalation.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The intravenous injection is the fastest type of injection to deliver a drug into the bloodstream.

Question 5

Fat-soluble drugs are eliminated faster than water-soluble drugs.

Question 6

The smaller the quantity of the drug, the faster the body tries to get rid of it.

Question 7

The elimination half-life of a drug will be faster if the drug is fat-soluble than if it is not.

Question 8

The half-life of nicotine is a few days.

Question 9

Older people eliminate drugs at a slower pace than younger people do.

Question 10

Regardless of which route of administration is used, the goal is for the drug to be absorbed into the bloodstream.

Question 11

A major disadvantage of drug inhalation is that the linings leading from the throat to the lungs become irritated over time.

Question 12

An overdose from an orally administered drug is easier to handle on an emergency basis than an overdose of a drug administered through an intravenous injection.

Question 13

Paint thinners, gasoline, and cleaning fluid are examples of abused products that are typically administered by absorption through the skin or membranes.

Question 14

The half-life of cocaine is only a few hours.

Question 15

Inhalation of smoked drugs such as crack does not present the same hazards to the respiratory system as do tobacco-based cigarettes.

Question 16

Intramuscular injections are often referred to as skin-popping.

Question 17

Mild electric currents can be used to help absorb drugs through the skin or membranes.

Question 18

Tetanus shots, flu shots, and most inoculations are administered by intramuscular injections.

Question 19

High-alkaline drugs (i.e., cocaine, morphine) are absorbed better in the stomach than weakly acidic drugs (i.e., aspirin).

Question 20

"First-pass metabolism" is an important function of the esophagus.

Question 21

The nervous system is made up of two parts known as the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.

Question 22

It is possible to develop a tolerance to a drug you have never taken before.

Question 23

An example of an antagonistic effect would be if Drug A had an effect of 5 and Drug B had an effect of 3, but the combination of the two drugs together resulted in an effect of 15.

Question 24

The danger of potentiation is that since the drug seems to have no effect, the combined effect may be so powerful that it can become lethal.

Question 25

An increased heart rate and a decreased rate of digestion are two signs of sympathetic activation.

Question 26

A man and a woman each weigh 79 kg (175 pounds). If they both take the same dose of a drug, the same effects can be expected.

Question 27

Two examples of hyperadditive combinations are synergism and potentiation.

Question 28

Administering the drug in a time-release form helps eliminate the undesirable side effects of excessive concentrations of a drug in the blood.

Question 29

Cross-dependence can be useful when trying to avoid the withdrawal symptoms of an unavailable drug.

Question 30

Analogy: Breathing is to somatic as lifting your arm is to autonomic.

Question 31

If Drug A has an effect of 3 and Drug B has an effect of 6, a purely additive combination effect would be equivalent to 18.

Question 32

Potentiation involves one drug having no effect at all unless taken with another.

Question 33

The length of the latency period is related to the absorption time of the drug.

Question 34

Potentiation is a special form of antagonistic drug interaction.

Question 35

According to the text, North Americans of African descent smoke fewer cigarettes per day than Caucasians because those of African descent may be retaining more nicotine per cigarette than Caucasians.

Question 36

Individual differences such as weight and gender can affect how one person reacts to a drug compared to another.

Question 37

The central nervous system consists of the brain and the spinal cord.

Question 38

If we can relieve the withdrawal symptoms of one drug by administering another, than the two drugs show cross-tolerance.

Question 39

The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems together form the peripheral nervous system.

Question 40

All drugs have similar elimination half-lives.

Question 41

Sensory nerves enter the CNS at the level of the brain but not the spinal cord.

Question 42

Ionotropic receptors are always linked to G proteins.

Question 43

The part of the brain that determines when we sleep and when we wake up is located in the pons.

Question 44

The receptor to which a neurotransmitter binds determines whether that neurotransmitter has an excitatory or inhibitory effect.

Question 45

The most recently evolved region of the human brain is the prefrontal cortex.

Question 46

The risk of asphyxiation from a certain dosage level of a drug most likely means that the drug is capable of stimulating the cerebral cortex.

Question 47

The processing of pain information occurs in the hindbrain.

Question 48

The myelin sheath on some neurons increases the speed of action potentials.

Question 49

There are approximately 100 billion neurons in the brain.

Question 50

Dendrites are to transmitting information as axon is to receiving information.

Question 51

The three categories of brain tissue are the medulla, the hypothalamus, and the cerebellum.

Question 52

The two ions that play the largest role in the generation of an action potential are Ca²⁺ and K⁺.

Question 53

Communication between neurons is accomplished through the actions of chemical substances called neurotransmitters.

Question 54

Most theories about the physiological basis for psychological dependence focus on the limbic system.

Question 55

The processing of reflex responses does not involve the brain at all.

Question 56

Psychoactive drugs can produce bodily effects that are oriented toward parasympathetic rather than sympathetic activation.

Question 57

Damage to the prefrontal cortex may be associated with loss of personal control with respect to the abuse of alcohol and other drugs.

Question 58

Reuptake is the process whereby a neurotransmitter returns from the receptor site back to the presynaptic terminal.

Question 59

The limbic system and hypothalamus are two structures of the brain that "overhang" the cerebral cortex.

Question 60

Brain tissue is classified in sections: the hindbrain, the midbrain, and the forebrain.

Question 61

Agonists facilitate synaptic transmission while antagonists decrease synaptic transmission.

Question 62

Drugs that relieve mania and depression act upon serotonin-releasing neurons.

Question 63

The blood-brain barrier cannot be crossed by a drug that is fat soluble.

Question 64

When multiple drugs activate the same type of receptor sites, the effects of each drug on the brain are equivalent.

Question 65

Alzheimer's disease has been linked to deficiencies in nicotinic receptors.

Question 66

Tolerance that is a result of changes in the drug's chemical breakdown in the liver is referred to as cellular (pharmacodynamic) tolerance.

Question 67

Dopamine is more fat-soluble than L-Dopa.

Question 68

Norepinephrine is to the hypothalamus as serotonin is to the pons.

Question 69

Glutamate is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter.

Question 70

A major drug for the treatment of Parkinson's disease has been L-Dopa.

Question 71

Metabolic tolerance occurs when receptors become less sensitive due to being stimulated repeatedly by a drug over time.

Question 72

Acetylcholine is involved with the sympathetic autonomic nervous system, while norepinephrine is involved with the parasympathetic autonomic system.

Question 73

Involvement with the nucleus accumbens has been linked to compulsive gambling.

Question 74

The rewarding effects of certain psychoactive drugs are related to their effects upon the nucleus accumbens in the brain.

Question 75

GABA deficiencies are associated with a decreased tendency toward epileptic seizures.

Question 76

The key factor that determines whether a drug passes through the blood-brain barrier is water solubility.

Question 77

Antianxiety medications stimulate GABA-releasing neurons, providing a reduction in feelings of stress and fear.

Question 78

Barbiturates and caffeine easily pass through the blood-brain barrier.

Question 79

Set is defined as the immediate environment within which drug-taking behaviour occurs.

Question 80

The neurotransmitter responsible for regulating our mood states is acetylcholine.