Question 1

While gender differences in personality exist,they are quite small and may be mostly explained by economic factors.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that while there can be slight differences in personality traits between genders, the variation is relatively small and can largely be attributed to social and economic factors rather than biological or innate differences.

Question 2

Research suggests that mammals-such as dogs,cats,and primates-are the only animals which demonstrate consistent personalities.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that a wide range of animals, not just mammals but also birds, fish, and even invertebrates like octopuses, can exhibit consistent personality traits, indicating that personality is not exclusive to mammals.

Question 3

An infant's temperament is a useful predictor of his or her adult personality.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that an infant's temperament, which refers to their innate behavioral and emotional tendencies, can predict their personality characteristics in adulthood. For example, infants who were more active and impulsive tend to be more outgoing and sensation-seeking as adults, while more inhibited infants tend to be more introverted and anxious as adults. However, it's important to note that temperament is not the only factor that affects adult personality, as environmental factors and life experiences also play a role.

Question 4

Cross-cultural research has identified the Big Five personality traits in both WEIRD and non-WEIRD places.

Accepted Answer

Cross-cultural research has indeed identified the Big Five personality traits in both WEIRD and non-WEIRD (Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic) places. Studies have found commonalities in the structure of personality traits across different cultures and societies. However, there are also some differences in the prevalence and expression of certain traits in different cultures.

Question 5

The founders of humanistic psychology had a much more optimistic view of human personality than Freud and many of his followers did.

Accepted Answer

The founders of humanistic psychology, such as Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers, had a positive view of human nature and believed that people have an inherent drive towards self-actualization and growth. Freud and his followers, on the other hand, had a more pessimistic view of human nature, focusing on the negative aspects of the unconscious mind and the role of conflicts and traumas in shaping personality.

Question 6

Research discussed in your textbook suggests that people misrepresent their true personalities on social networking sites such as Facebook.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research discussed in your textbook suggests that...

Question 7

All researchers studying personality use the idiographic approach.

Accepted Answer

Researchers studying personality use either the idiographic or the nomothetic approach. The idiographic approach focuses on understanding individuals as unique entities and typically involves case studies or intensive interviews. The nomothetic approach, on the other hand, seeks to identify and measure common traits or dimensions of personality across large groups of people.

Question 8

While some mental health professionals still use the TAT and Rorschach test,their popularity appears to be declining.

Accepted Answer

The statement in the sentence points out that the popularity of TAT and Rorschach test is declining.

Question 9

Freud believed that the influence of the superego is present at birth,whereas the id must develop with experience.

Accepted Answer

It is actually the opposite. According to Freud, the id is present at birth and the superego develops through socialization and upbringing.

Question 10

On average,the personalities of identical twins are no more alike than they are for fraternal twins.

Accepted Answer

Identical twins, who share all of their genes, tend to have more similar personalities than fraternal twins, who share only about 50% of their genes, suggesting a genetic component to personality.

Deck 12: A: Personality