Question 1

Melissa is an attractive woman who lives in San Diego and loves football.When asked to predict if it were probable that she was a schoolteacher or a cheerleader for the San Diego Chargers,most people selected the latter,even though there are more schoolteachers than there are Charger cheerleaders in San Diego.This is an illustration of:

A)hindsight bias.
B)the representativeness heuristic.
C)base-rate decision making.
D)the sunk-cost fallacy.

Accepted Answer

The scenario describes the use of the representativeness heuristic, where people make judgments about a person or situation based on how closely they match a particular stereotype or prototype, rather than on actual probabilities or base rates. In this case, Melissa's attractiveness and love for football fit the prototype of a cheerleader more than a schoolteacher, even though there are more schoolteachers than Charger cheerleaders in the area.

Question 2

Prospect theory assumes that people are:&#10;A)more willing to take risks when evaluating gains than they are when evaluating losses.&#10;B)more willing to take risks when evaluating losses than they are when evaluating gains.&#10;C)equally willing to take risks to achieve gains and avoid losses.&#10;D)unwilling to take risks either to achieve gains or to avoid losses.

Accepted Answer

Prospect theory suggests that people are more likely to take risks when evaluating losses than when evaluating gains. People tend to be risk-averse when it comes to potential gains, but they become risk-seeking when dealing with potential losses, hoping to avoid losses.

Question 3

The behaviorist approach to language development suggests that _____ plays a key role in learning words and grammar,whereas nativists claim that language is _____ predetermined.&#10;A)reinforcement;biologically&#10;B)punishment;culturally&#10;C)reinforcement;culturally&#10;D)genetics;biologically

Accepted Answer

The behaviorist approach suggests that reinforcement, such as praise or reward, plays a key role in learning words and grammar. In contrast, nativists claim that language is biologically predetermined, meaning that humans are born with an innate ability to acquire language. Option B and C are incorrect because punishment and cultural factors are not typically associated with the behaviorist approach to language development. Option D is incorrect because genetics alone do not fully explain language acquisition according to the nativist perspective.

Question 4

People with damage to Wernicke's area can:&#10;A)use correct syntax.&#10;B)produce meaningful language.&#10;C)understand sign language.&#10;D)understand the spoken word.

Accepted Answer

Wernicke's area is crucial for language comprehension. Damage to this area impairs the ability to understand language (both spoken and sign language), but it does not necessarily affect the syntax of speech production. People with Wernicke's aphasia can often produce fluent speech with correct syntax, but the content may be nonsensical or irrelevant.

Question 5

_____ is the process that allows children to learn words rapidly by joining a word with a concept after being exposed to it only once.&#10;A)Singularism&#10;B)Dualism&#10;C)Fast mapping&#10;D)Grammar

Accepted Answer

Fast mapping is the process where children can learn a new word by associating it with a concept after brief exposure to it. It is a crucial part of vocabulary acquisition and helps children rapidly expand their vocabulary.

Question 6

Based on research investigating the link between language and thought,Benjamin Whorf concluded that:&#10;A)thought determines language because thinking precedes communication.&#10;B)language cannot determine thought because thought is essentially an aspect of communication.&#10;C)language has no influence on thought.&#10;D)language shapes thought.

Accepted Answer

Benjamin Whorf's research led him to conclude that language shapes thought. He believed that the structure and vocabulary of a particular language directly influences the way its speakers conceptualize the world around them. For example, the use of grammatical gender in languages like German and Spanish may contribute to differences in how speakers of those languages think about objects and people in gendered terms.

Question 7

The SMALLEST meaningful units of language are known as:&#10;A)phonemes.&#10;B)morphemes.&#10;C)words.&#10;D)sentences.

Accepted Answer

Morphemes are the smallest meaningful units of language. They include prefixes, suffixes, root words, and other word elements that when combined create meaning. Phonemes are the smallest units of sound in language, while words and sentences are larger units of language that are made up of morphemes and phonemes.

Question 8

_____ is a mental activity that consists of organizing information or beliefs into a series of steps in order to reach conclusions.&#10;A)Reasoning&#10;B)Telegraphic speech&#10;C)Cognitive speech&#10;D)Genetic dysphasia

Accepted Answer

Reasoning is the mental process of organizing information or beliefs into a series of steps in order to reach conclusions. It involves using logic and evidence to form conclusions and make decisions. The other options - telegraphic speech, cognitive speech, and genetic dysphasia - are not related to the concept of reasoning.

Question 9

While solving problems,insight is associated with a burst of activity in the:&#10;A)prefrontal cortex.&#10;B)right temporal lobe.&#10;C)right parietal lobe.&#10;D)cerebellum.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that insight is associated with increased activity in the right temporal lobe, specifically in the anterior superior temporal gyrus. This area is important for making connections between seemingly unrelated information, which is relevant for the "aha" moment experienced during insight. Activity in the prefrontal cortex, parietal lobe, and cerebellum may also be involved in problem-solving, but they are not specifically associated with insight.

Question 10

According to research,damage to _____ is associated with risky decision making and insensitivity to the future consequences of behavior.&#10;A)the occipital lobe&#10;B)Wernicke's area&#10;C)the prefrontal lobe&#10;D)Broca's area

Accepted Answer

The prefrontal lobe is involved in decision making and impulse control. Damage to this area is associated with risky decision making and a lack of concern for the future consequences of behavior. The occipital lobe is involved in visual processing. Wernicke's area is involved in language comprehension. Broca's area is involved in language production. None of these areas are directly associated with decision making or future consequences of behavior.

Question 11

In one set of studies,participants classified prototypes faster when the stimuli were presented to the right visual field,meaning that the:&#10;A)right hemisphere received the input first.&#10;B)left hemisphere received the input first.&#10;C)participants did not receive any input.&#10;D)participants were not aware of their mistakes in classification.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In one set of studies,participants classified prototypes...

Question 12

Babies are born with the ability to recognize and distinguish:&#10;A)only the phonemes of the language their parents speak.&#10;B)all phonemes.&#10;C)all morphemes.&#10;D)only the phonemes of languages similar to their native language.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Babies are born with the ability to...

Question 13

Suppose that sports fans in the United States are given a list of names of all the medal winners in the last Olympics.After a few minutes of study,the fans are asked to estimate the percentage of medals won by the United States.The fans probably will _____ this number due to the _____.

A)overestimate;hindsight bias
B)overestimate;availability bias
C)underestimate;hindsight bias
D)overestimate;category-specific deficit

Accepted Answer

The answer of Suppose that sports fans in the United...

Question 14

Semantics refers to the _____ of a sentence.&#10;A)structure&#10;B)meaning&#10;C)syntax&#10;D)morphology

Accepted Answer

The answer of Semantics refers to the _____ of a...

Question 15

If you have never seen a chihuahua but you have seen somewhat similar types of dog breeds such as rat terriers and miniature pinschers,which theory would BEST predict your ability to correctly identify a Chihuahua as a "dog"?

A)morphological rules
B)the family resemblance theory
C)the exemplar theory
D)the prototype theory

Accepted Answer

The answer of If you have never seen a chihuahua...

Deck 9: Web Quiz 2