Deck 9: True-False

Question 1

At every stage of language development,humans speak better than they understand what is spoken to them.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

The surface structure of a sentence is more likely to be remembered than its deep structure.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Infants begin to babble speech sounds between 1 and 3 months of age.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Accents occur when morphological rules are violated.

Question 5

Between the ages of 1 and 5,children learn,on average,15-20 words every day.

Question 6

A simple syntactical rule in the English language is "i before e except after c."

Question 7

Japanese adults cannot distinguish between the "l" and "r" phonemes.

Question 8

A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.

Question 9

Grammar is a set of rules that indicate how phonemes can be combined.

Question 10

The average 1-year-old has a vocabulary of 10 words.

Question 11

It is possible for a sentence to obey grammatical and syntactical rules but be devoid of semantics.

Question 12

Deep structure refers to the meaning of a sentence.

Question 13

Japanese infants cannot distinguish between the "l" and "r" phonemes.

Question 14

Deaf babies will not begin to babble until they are taught an alternative means of communication,such as American Sign Language.

Question 15

Human infants can distinguish among all of the contrasting sounds that occur in all human languages.

Question 16

A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound that can be recognized as speech.

Question 17

The word when is a function morpheme.

Question 18

The word ball is a morpheme consisting of three phonemes.

Question 19

Morphological rules and syntactical rules are part of grammar.

Question 20

Language is a set of rules that specify how the units of grammar are combined to produce meaningful messages.

Question 21

Noam Chomsky is an advocate of the nativist theory of language development.

Question 22

The nativist position argues that language-learning capacities are built into the brain.

Question 23

Explicit awareness of grammatical rules is not required in order for speakers of a language to speak grammatically.

Question 24

Because they are older when they begin to learn English,Chinese preschoolers adopted into American families begin to use English content and function morphemes at around the same time as do preschoolers who are not adopted.

Question 25

Noam Chomsky provided a behaviorist explanation of language development.

Question 26

It is not uncommon for 5-year-old children to make more grammatical mistakes using the past tense than do 3-year-old children.

Question 27

The telegraphic speech of a 2-year-old child usually is not grammatical.

Question 28

Interactionist theories of language development argue that social interactions,not innate biological processes,are responsible for the development of language.

Question 29

The orderly series of linguistic milestones primarily is due to cognitive development.

Question 30

Grammatical mistakes in children most often arise from not applying a previously learned rule to a novel sentence construction.

Question 31

Toddlers usually learn nouns before they learn verbs.

Question 32

Behaviorist explanations of language development emphasize how language is acquired through shaping and reinforcement.

Question 33

The phrase "over and back" is a good example of telegraphic speech.

Question 34

Babies typically start speaking in single words by 5 months of age.

Question 35

Fast mapping occurs when children associate a word with its underlying concept after a single exposure to that word.

Question 36

A language acquisition device (LAD)is something that is acquired through experience.

Question 37

Parents spend little time teaching grammar to their children.

Question 38

Genetic dysphasia is a condition in which people with genetically based low intelligence cannot learn the basic grammatical structure of language.

Question 39

B.F.Skinner believed that all humans are born with an LAD (Leaning Acquisition Device).

Question 40

The best time to acquire a second language is right after puberty,when learning skills and concentration have developed but the brain is still fairly plastic.

Question 41

Meeting a sufficient condition for membership into a club guarantees club membership.

Question 42

Today,most cognitive psychologists believe that language and thought are largely synonymous.

Question 43

Recent research suggests that language affects the way we process colors.

Question 44

People with Broca's aphasia primarily have difficulty understanding language.

Question 45

Some children who have their entire left brain hemispheres removed during adolescence as a treatment for epilepsy can recover many of their language abilities.

Question 46

People with Wernicke's aphasia have difficulty producing grammatically correct speech.

Question 47

Apes who have acquired the use of American Sign Language speak at the level of a 4-year-old child.

Question 48

Family resemblance theory holds that all members of a category share at least one feature in common.

Question 49

Family resemblance theory is useful for categorizing people as belonging to the same or different families,but it contributes little to our understanding of other categories.

Question 50

Bilinguals have increased gray-matter density in the prefrontal cortex relative to monolinguals.

Question 51

If language capacity is significantly impaired,other higher-executive cognitions necessarily will be impaired.

Question 52

The linguistic relativity hypothesis states that language shapes the nature of thought.

Question 53

English speakers shown a timeline on a horizontal display make faster time judgments than those shown a timeline on a vertical display.

Question 54

Bilingual children tend to have a smaller vocabulary in each language than do their monolingual peers.

Question 55

While they are speaking,people with Wernicke's aphasia appear not to suffer from any language deficits.

Question 56

The most common way of forming categories is by specifying the necessary and sufficient conditions for membership.

Question 57

Apes who have acquired the use of human language can process the meaning of grammatically complex sentences.

Question 58

Wernicke's area is located in the left temporal cortex of the brain.

Question 59

Learning a second language during childhood broadly impairs cognitive development.

Question 60

Apes who have acquired the use of human language usually can construct complex,grammatically correct sentences.

Question 61

People who are blind from birth show category-specific deficits for objects that are categorized in the visual cortex.

Question 62

Humans are better at judging frequencies than they are at judging probabilities.

Question 63

The conjunction fallacy involves making a probability judgment by comparing an object or event to a prototype of the object or event.

Question 64

The brain appears to be hardwired such that certain areas of the brain respond more strongly to some categories than others.

Question 65

The best,or most typical,member of a category is called an exemplar.

Question 66

Rational choice theory accurately describes how humans make most of their daily decisions.

Question 67

The availability bias is an example of a heuristic.

Question 68

The availability bias happens when items that are more easily recalled from memory are judged as being more likely to occur.

Question 69

The likelihood of two events occurring simultaneously is always less than the likelihood of either event occurring alone.

Question 70

Algorithms are mental shortcuts that sometimes lead to incorrect decisions.

Question 71

Among Americans,the prototypical bird is the bald eagle.

Question 72

The more characteristics an object shares with a prototype,the more likely it will be excluded from a category that already contains a prototype.

Question 73

The left brain hemisphere is primarily involved in forming prototypes,and the right brain hemisphere is mainly active in recognizing exemplars.

Question 74

A heuristic is a well-defined sequence of steps that guarantees a solution to a problem.

Question 75

Given that Michael is 6 feet 4 inches tall and can dunk a basketball,it is more likely that Michael is an NBA basketball player than he is a Walmart employee.

Question 76

Both prototypes and exemplars are used when forming categories and concepts.

Question 77

If someone cannot identify a hammer,wrench,and screwdriver,that person also probably will have difficulty identifying different fruits and vegetables.

Question 78

A prototype possesses most,if not all,of the most characteristic features of the category.

Question 79

Damage to the lower left temporal lobe of the brain may result in the inability to identify humans.

Question 80

Eleanor Rosch developed both family resemblance theory and prototype theory.