Deck 7: True-False

Question 1

Acquisition of a conditioned response starts low,increases slowly,and then rises rapidly for as long as the CS is paired with the US.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

In second-order conditioning,a neutral stimulus becomes a US when it is repeatedly paired with a previously established CS.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Pavlov extinguished the conditioned response by repeatedly presenting the bell and not following it with food.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Cognitive psychologists conducted most of the experiments on learning from the 1930s to the 1950s.

Question 5

The effects of learning are usually short-lived.

Question 6

Acquisition is the phase of classical conditioning in which the US elicits the UR.

Question 7

In Pavlov's work with dogs,the conditioned stimulus was the sound of a bell.

Question 8

In Pavlov's work with dogs,the unconditioned stimulus was salivation.

Question 9

An experienced heroin user will have a higher risk of overdose if he injects the drug in an unfamiliar environment.

Question 10

In second-order conditioning,a neutral stimulus becomes a CS when it is repeatedly paired with a previously established CS.

Question 11

Learning occurs independently of an individual's experience.

Question 12

In Pavlov's work with dogs,animals were not presented food unless they salivated when they heard the tone.

Question 13

The presence of a strong compensatory response as a heroin user injects makes overdose from that injection more likely.

Question 14

Extinction of a conditioned response involves the repeated presentation of the US in the absence of the CS.

Question 15

The development of a conditioned compensatory response contributes to drug tolerance.

Question 16

Extinction is the equivalent of erasing the effects of learning.

Question 17

Once a conditioned response has been extinguished,it will not occur again unless the CS-US pairings are reintroduced.

Question 18

In classical conditioning,the conditioned stimulus (CS)is initially neutral and does not evoke a conditioned response.

Question 19

Acquisition is the phase of classical conditioning in which the initially neutral CS (conditioned stimulus)and US (unconditioned stimulus)are presented together.

Question 20

Habituation and sensitization are forms of learning that can be demonstrated in the simplest of organisms.

Question 21

The part of the brain that is essential to emotional conditioning is the thalamus.

Question 22

The unconditioned stimulus in the Little Albert study initially was a white rat.

Question 23

Rescorla and Wagner argued that,when the CS (conditioned stimulus)predicts the US (unconditioned stimulus),the occurrence of the CS will lead the organism to expect that the US is forthcoming.

Question 24

The Rescorla-Wagner model predicts that conditioning will be easier when the CS (conditioned stimulus)is an unfamiliar event than when it is familiar.

Question 25

Increased discrimination results in increased generalization.

Question 26

Little Albert was conditioned to fear a loud noise.

Question 27

The amygdala is responsible for producing both the physiological and behavioral changes associated with fear conditioning.

Question 28

The conditioned stimulus in the Little Albert study initially was a white rat.

Question 29

After being conditioned to fear white rats,Albert also was afraid of white rabbits,illustrating the effects of stimulus discrimination.

Question 30

According to the Rescorla-Wagner model,the US (unconditioned stimulus)sets up an expectation for the CS (conditioned stimulus).

Question 31

The Little Albert study showed that fear conditioning in humans is quite different from fear conditioning in animals.

Question 32

Pavlov's dogs,which were conditioned to salivate at the sound of a metronome,also may salivate at the sound of a ticking clock,illustrating spontaneous recovery.

Question 33

The central nucleus of the amygdala is critical for emotional conditioning.

Question 34

The functions of the hippocampus are critical for eyeblink conditioning.

Question 35

Pavlov's dogs,which were conditioned to salivate at the sound of a tone,also may salivate at the sound of a doorbell,illustrating the process of generalization.

Question 36

If connections between the amygdala and midbrain are severed,the physiological changes associated with fear conditioning will not occur.

Question 37

Discrimination occurs when an organism displays a conditioned response to the CS but does not display a conditioned response to a similar stimulus.

Question 38

William James conducted the Little Albert study.

Question 39

Through a process called stimulus generalization,Little Albert learned to fear anything that was white and furry.

Question 40

The functions of the cerebellum are critical for eyeblink conditioning.

Question 41

Both reinforcers and punishers increase the future likelihood of behavior.

Question 42

B.F.Skinner developed the law of effect.

Question 43

B.F.Skinner was diametrically opposed to the consequence-based conceptualization of learning studied by Thorndike.

Question 44

In rats,birds,and humans,it is easier to condition an association between a taste and stomach sickness than between a visual stimulus and stomach sickness.

Question 45

Positive reinforcement is usually considered desirable and negative reinforcement usually is considered undesirable.

Question 46

If connections between the amygdala and hypothalamus are severed,the behavioral changes associated with fear conditioning will not occur.

Question 47

Operant behavior is voluntary in nature.

Question 48

Operant behavior is to a passive response as classically conditioned behavior is to an active response.

Question 49

Skinner defined reinforcers and punishers based on whether or not most people would find them enjoyable.

Question 50

John Watson's approach to the study of learning focused on reinforcement and punishment.

Question 51

B.F.Skinner invented the operant conditioning chamber.

Question 52

A taste aversion will not form unless the sickness follows food intake within a few minutes of ingestion.

Question 53

Both positive and negative reinforcement increase the likelihood of future behavior.

Question 54

The law of effect states that consequences that produce dopamine release will strengthen the behavior that produced it.

Question 55

Edward Thorndike was the first to use the term operant behavior.

Question 56

If connections between the amygdala and hypothalamus are severed,the physiological changes associated with fear conditioning will not occur.

Question 57

The more often a person eats a particular food,the more likely it is that she ultimately will form a taste aversion to it.

Question 58

Edward Thorndike developed the law of effect.

Question 59

Operant behavior is behavior under the control of its consequences.

Question 60

In negative punishment,an unpleasant stimulus is removed upon the occurrence of the target behavior.

Question 61

Secondary reinforcers acquire their value through classical conditioning.

Question 62

Pigeons have been taught to discriminate paintings by Monet from paintings by Picasso.

Question 63

A textile worker who is paid by the piece for the number of shirts sewn is on a fixed-ratio schedule.

Question 64

The three-term contingency is defined as a stimulus producing an expectation leading to a response.

Question 65

Responding is not required for reinforcement under a fixed interval schedule.

Question 66

The majority of human behavior is maintained by secondary reinforcement.

Question 67

Extinction of an operant response involves removing a desired stimulus when the behavior occurs.

Question 68

Slot machines arrange reinforcers according to a variable-interval schedule.

Question 69

Tolman proposed the three-term contingency.

Question 70

Delay between the behavior and the consequence affects the processes of reinforcement and punishment differently.

Question 71

Extinction of an operant response involves no longer providing reinforcement for that response.

Question 72

Delayed reinforcers are usually less effective than are immediate reinforcers.

Question 73

Flashing lights,paired with a speeding ticket may become a primary punisher.

Question 74

Examples of primary reinforcement include food,comfort,and warmth.

Question 75

Stimuli that help us satisfy biological needs are termed secondary reinforcers.

Question 76

In operant conditioning,occasionally not delivering a reinforcer when the behavior occurs will extinguish that behavior.

Question 77

Reinforcement is generally more effective at promoting learning than is punishment.

Question 78

For most people,money is a powerful primary reinforcer.

Question 79

In operant conditioning,occasionally not delivering a reinforcer when the behavior occurs may actually strengthen that behavior.

Question 80

Spontaneous recovery after extinction occurs in classical conditioning but not in operant conditioning.