Question 1

Which statement describes a difference between a hypothesis and a theory?&#10;A)A hypothesis establishes a general principle through experiments,whereas a theory is based on a specific observation that is limited to a single instance.&#10;B)A hypothesis explains a set of theories,whereas a theory explains a set of laws.&#10;C)A hypothesis is a falsifiable prediction made by a theory,whereas a theory is a hypothetical explanation of a natural phenomenon.&#10;D)A hypothesis needs to be proven to be true,whereas a theory is inherently true.

Accepted Answer

A hypothesis is a specific, testable prediction made by a theory, while a theory is a well-established explanation that has been extensively tested and supported by evidence. The key difference between the two is that a hypothesis is tentative and can be proven false through experimentation, while a theory is a more robust and comprehensive explanation that has stood the test of time and been supported by numerous lines of evidence.

Question 2

_____ is defined as an instrument's ability to detect small magnitudes of the property.&#10;A)Self-selection&#10;B)Reliability&#10;C)Power&#10;D)Significance

Accepted Answer

Power is the ability of an instrument to detect small magnitudes of a property. It is related to the sample size and the effect size, which is the difference between groups or the relationship between variables. A higher power indicates that the instrument has a better chance of detecting a true effect, while a lower power increases the likelihood of false negatives (Type II errors). Self-selection refers to a bias that arises from participants choosing to participate in a study based on their characteristics or preferences, while reliability refers to the consistency and stability of measurements over time. Significance refers to the probability of obtaining results as extreme as the observed ones by chance alone, given a null hypothesis and a specified alpha level.

Question 3

A boxer suddenly begins experiencing severe mood swings and exhibiting bizarre behavior.A neuropsychologist determines that the boxer has suffered traumatic brain injury,which has probably been caused by numerous concussions.The neuropsychologist then studies the functioning of the boxer's brain in detail using fMRI brain imaging techniques to learn more about his concussions.This represents a(n):

A)experiment.
B)naturalistic observation.
C)double-blind observation
D)case method.

case method.

Accepted Answer

This scenario describes a case study in which a neuropsychologist is studying the functioning of a boxer's brain who has suffered from traumatic brain injury due to numerous concussions. Therefore, the best choice is the case method, which involves detailed study and analysis of an individual or a small group of people.

Question 4

A college recently banned the use of plastic water bottles on campus in an effort to be ecofriendly.A psychologist at the college is interested in the attitudes of the students toward this ban.She obtains a list of all the students enrolled in the college and arbitrarily selects 100 students for a survey designed to assess their opinions on the ban.In this study,which method has the psychologist used to select students for the survey?

A)random sampling
B)random assignment
C)matched samples technique
D)naturalistic observation

Accepted Answer

The psychologist has used random sampling method to select students for the survey, as she obtained a list of all the students enrolled in the college and arbitrarily selected 100 students from that list. Random sampling involves selecting participants from the larger population at random, which helps to ensure that the sample is representative of the larger population and reduces the likelihood of bias in the results.

Question 5

James,a psychologist,observes that some people who are exposed to a traumatic childhood experience anxiety disorders later in their lives,whereas some people do not.Which quality of humans,illustrated in this scenario,makes them difficult to study?

A)tractability
B)variability
C)empathy
D)reliability

Accepted Answer

Variability is the quality of humans that makes them difficult to study in this scenario. This is because different people react differently to traumatic experiences, making it hard to predict the exact outcome or response of each individual. Some may develop anxiety disorders, while others may not, and this variability makes it challenging to establish consistent patterns or conclusions.

Question 6

Which factor is an important characteristic of a good operational definition?&#10;A)validity&#10;B)negative correlation&#10;C)power&#10;D)positive covariance

Accepted Answer

Validity is an important characteristic of a good operational definition as it ensures that the measure is accurately capturing the concept it is intended to measure.

Question 7

In order to conduct a valid experiment,you must first manipulate a(n)_____ variable and then measure _____ variable.&#10;A)independent;a dependent&#10;B)dependent;an independent&#10;C)independent;the same&#10;D)dependent;the same

Accepted Answer

In order to determine cause and effect relationships through experimentation, a researcher must manipulate the independent variable, which will subsequently have an effect on the dependent variable. The dependent variable then needs to be measured to determine the extent to which the independent variable had an effect. Therefore, option A is the correct answer.

Question 8

_____ use specific rules and techniques to observe and understand natural phenomena.&#10;A)Idealists&#10;B)Empiricists&#10;C)Dogmatists&#10;D)Humanists

Accepted Answer

Empiricists use specific rules and techniques to observe and understand natural phenomena through direct observation, experiment, and measurement. Idealists prioritize the importance of ideas and concepts over observable reality, while dogmatists rely on established beliefs without questioning them. Humanists focus on the study of human experience and behavior, rather than the natural world.

Question 9

Katrina is interested in studying the relationship between attention deficit disorder and behavioral problems in school children,but she believes that the students' socioeconomic statuses may affect her results.She studies two groups of children through an intervention treatment and makes sure that all children in both groups are from homes with the same level of income.What technique does Katrina use in this study?

A)matched samples
B)matched pairs
C)random sampling
D)third-variable correlation

Accepted Answer

Katrina uses matched samples technique, where she selects two groups of children with similar socioeconomic statuses to reduce the confounding variable of income level that may affect the relationship between attention deficit disorder and behavioral problems. This technique ensures that any differences found between the two groups are due to the intervention treatment being studied and not due to income level or other confounding variables.

Question 10

When naturalistic observation is not possible,which step can psychologists take to avoid demand characteristics?&#10;A)using cover stories to hide the true purpose of the study&#10;B)using the matched pairs technique to introduce an additional variable to the study&#10;C)using direct replication to carry out the same study with varying samples&#10;D)using random selection to ensure a representative sample

Accepted Answer

Using cover stories helps to prevent participants from altering their behavior due to the knowledge of being observed in a study. This helps avoid demand characteristics, where participants modify their behavior to match what they perceive to be the expectations of the study. The other options do not directly address the issue of demand characteristics.

Question 11

The more time children spend playing video games at home,the lower their grades are at school.This represents a:&#10;A)causal relationship.&#10;B)negative correlation.&#10;C)double-blind observation.&#10;D)normal distribution

Accepted Answer

The answer of The more time children spend playing video...

Question 12

When are two variables said to covary?&#10;A)when the two variables have different values under different circumstances&#10;B)when the two variables have different variations under different circumstances&#10;C)when variations in the value of one variable are synchronized with variations in the value of the other&#10;D)when the pattern of variation of the two variables is highly dissimilar

Accepted Answer

The answer of When are two variables said to covary?&#10;A)when...

Question 13

According to the American Psychological Association,which statement about the use of coercion in psychological research is TRUE?&#10;A)Coercion can be used in the absence of other ethical ways to conduct the research.&#10;B)Coercion should be used when the benefits of the research outweigh the risks to the participants.&#10;C)Monetary compensation can be used to persuade a person to participate.&#10;D)Researchers should respect a person's right to make decisions without coercion.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the American Psychological Association,which statement...

Question 14

If an experiment has a high degree of _____,a causal relationship can be demonstrated between all or certain variables in the experiment.&#10;A)reliability&#10;B)internal validity&#10;C)external validity&#10;D)negative correlation

Accepted Answer

The answer of If an experiment has a high degree...

Question 15

Terrence is studying how music affects attitudes.On a hot June day,he exposes one group of college students to classical music and another group to jazz,while he measures their attitudes toward war.In this scenario,the dependent variable is the:

A)type of music being played.
B)students' attitudes toward war.
C)students' psychological responses to the music.
D)volume of the music being played.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Terrence is studying how music affects attitudes.On...

Deck 2: Web Quiz 1