Question 1

To understand morality,you have to understand&#10;A)the behavioral expectations in a community and the boundaries around the community.&#10;B)the behavioral expectations in a community.&#10;C)the behavioral expectations of a community and the penalties for violating them.&#10;D)the boundaries around the community and the mechanisms for banishing people from the community.

Accepted Answer

Morality is closely linked to social norms and expectations, which can vary between different communities. It is important to understand both the behavioral expectations within a community and the boundaries that define that community in order to fully grasp the moral standards that guide its members. These expectations may also come with penalties for violating them, but understanding the social context is key to understanding morality. Option A captures all of these important elements.

Question 2

Secular humanists who gathered in Boston in 2008&#10;A)were religious and attended church regularly.&#10;B)rejected the idea that a congregation-like community might be valuable.&#10;C)espoused a positive philosophy of ethical living for the human good.&#10;D)believed that religious communities can do more to support believers' values than do nonreligious communities.

Accepted Answer

Secular humanists, by definition, do not adhere to a particular religious belief system. They instead prioritize reason and science in their understanding of the world. Therefore, they likely gathered in Boston in 2008 to espouse a positive philosophy of ethical living for the human good, as this aligns with their values. Option A, that they were religious and attended church regularly, is directly contradicted by their identification as secular humanists. Option B, rejecting the idea of a congregation-like community, may be true of some members, but it is not a defining characteristic of secular humanism. Option D, believing that religious communities can do more to support believers' values than nonreligious communities, is again directly contradicted by the secular humanist worldview.

Question 3

In his work on clergy deviance (e.g.,financial shenanigans,sexual abuse),what did Anson Shupe focus on?&#10;A)characteristics of religious leaders that made them more likely to deviate&#10;B)how religious organizations respond to deviance&#10;C)how deviance among leaders affects religious communities&#10;D)how negative media coverage affects religious communities

Accepted Answer

Anson Shupe focused on how religious organizations respond to allegations of deviance among their leaders, examining the mechanisms and strategies used to address or sometimes conceal such issues.

Question 4

Between religious and secular moral codes,which is likely to be most stable?&#10;A)religious codes,because those in power are the strongest believers&#10;B)religious codes,because it seems as if the code was designed and imposed outside the human community&#10;C)secular codes,because they have the force of law behind them&#10;D)Each type is equally stable.

Accepted Answer

Religious codes are based on the belief in a higher power, which is often seen as unchanging and eternal. This gives the code a sense of permanence and stability. Additionally, religious codes are often deeply ingrained in cultural traditions and practices, which can also contribute to their stability. Secular codes, on the other hand, are based on human laws and discourse, which can be subject to change depending on societal values and political climates. Therefore, religious codes are more likely to be stable than secular codes.

Question 5

Compared to secular moral systems,religiously-based moral systems&#10;A)appear more closely linked to a broader cosmic order.&#10;B)are more obviously the products of human beings.&#10;C)are less oppressive.&#10;D)are more oppressive.

Accepted Answer

Religious moral systems often posit a broader cosmic order, with an ultimate divine authority that governs the universe and imposes moral rules upon human beings. This cosmic dimension is absent in most secular moral systems, which tend to focus on the human individual or society as the source of moral authority.

Question 6

According to sociologist Emile Durkheim,moral codes&#10;A)are experienced as oppressive constraints on individual action.&#10;B)are invented by religious leaders and encoded into law by political leaders.&#10;C)impose the same regulations and constraints across societies.&#10;D)bring people into the community and provides a sense of belonging to something larger.

Accepted Answer

According to Emile Durkheim, moral codes bring people into the community and provide a sense of belonging to something larger. In his view, these codes provide a shared set of values and norms that create social cohesion and unity within a society. Durkheim believed that moral codes were not necessarily oppressive, but rather were necessary for the stability and well-being of society as a whole.

Question 7

According to Robert Bellah,&#34;Civil Religion&#34; in the U.S.&#10;A)frames events in U.S.history as a part of a larger transcendent order.&#10;B)blinds us to the reality of our existence.&#10;C)excludes large numbers of U.S.citizens from active participation in our political order.&#10;D)claims that Christianity is the official religion of the U.S.

Accepted Answer

Robert Bellah defines civil religion in the U.S. as a set of beliefs and values that holds the nation together by framing its history as a part of a larger, transcendent order. It is not an official religion or denomination, but a collection of shared symbols, traditions, and rituals that help to unify the country and provide a sense of common purpose and destiny.

Question 8

all Street Journal columnist Daniel Henninger argued that the roots of the 2008 financial crisis rested in

A)the personal moral failure of workers in the financial industry.
B)the failure of regulators to monitor the financial industry.
C)the secularization of U.S.society.
D)all of the above

Accepted Answer

Daniel Henninger argued that the secularization of U.S. society contributed to the 2008 financial crisis, suggesting a decline in moral and ethical standards.

Question 9

Moral codes&#10;A)have the same content everywhere.&#10;B)vary widely across societies.&#10;C)usually seem weird to both community members and those outside the community.&#10;D)existed long before there were any human communities.

Accepted Answer

Moral codes vary widely across societies, reflecting differences in cultural values, beliefs, and norms. What may be considered moral or immoral in one culture may not be so in another culture.

Question 10

According to Rodney Stark and Travis Hirschi,who studied adolescent religiosity and delinquency,&#10;A)less religious adolescents were more delinquent.&#10;B)more religious adolescents were more delinquent.&#10;C)a kid's religiosity affects his delinquency,but only in communities with higher overall levels of religiosity.&#10;D)a kid's religiosity affects his delinquency,but only in communities with lower overall levels of religiosity.

Accepted Answer

According to the study by Rodney Stark and Travis Hirschi, a kid's religiosity affects his delinquency, but only in communities with higher overall levels of religiosity. In other words, when more people in a community are religious, a religious adolescent is less likely to be delinquent compared to a less religious adolescent. However, this effect is not found in communities with lower overall levels of religiosity.

Question 11

The medical profession&#10;A)is not a moral community because it does not have a religious basis.&#10;B)is not a moral community because it has no authority over members.&#10;C)is a moral community that is based on religious beliefs.&#10;D)is a moral community with rules,sanctions,and boundaries.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The medical profession&#10;A)is not a moral community...

Question 12

According to Kelman and Hamilton,who studied the massacre that happened at My Lai during the Vietnam War,dehumanization occurs when&#10;A)people are viewed as having an identity that is only relevant to a different community.&#10;B)people are viewed as having both identity and community.&#10;C)people are viewed as having lost their identity to a deviant community.&#10;D)people are viewed as having neither identity nor community.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Kelman and Hamilton,who studied the...

Question 13

Who wrote: &#34;A belief in all-pervading spiritual agencies seems to be universal; and apparently follow from a considerable advance in man's reason,and from a still greater advance in his faculties of imagination,curiosity and wonder&#34;?&#10;A)sociologist Peter Berger&#10;B)political economist and sociologist Karl Marx&#10;C)sociologist Emile Durkheim&#10;D)evolutionary biologist Charles Darwin

Accepted Answer

The answer of Who wrote: &#34;A belief in all-pervading spiritual...

Deck 14: Do We Need God to Do Good