Question 1

Which of the following is a basic component of equity theory?&#10;A) valences&#10;B) reinforcement&#10;C) referents&#10;D) instrumentality&#10;E) expectancy

Accepted Answer

Referents are a basic component of equity theory. In equity theory, individuals compare their own outcomes and inputs with those of a referent, such as a coworker or friend. The perceived fairness of this comparison influences an individual's level of satisfaction or dissatisfaction with a situation.

Valences refer to the value that an individual places on a particular outcome or reward. Reinforcement, instrumentality, and expectancy are all concepts related to expectancy theory, which is a different motivation theory than equity theory.

Question 2

Goal acceptance is most similar to the idea of:&#10;A) goal congruity&#10;B) goal commitment&#10;C) goal valence&#10;D) goal expectancy&#10;E) groupthink

Accepted Answer

Goal acceptance is the extent to which people consciously understand and agree to goals.

Question 3

In a(n)_______ reinforcement schedule, a consequence follows every instance of a behavior.&#10;A) continuous&#10;B) intermittent&#10;C) variable interval&#10;D) fixed ratio&#10;E) variable ratio

Accepted Answer

In a continuous reinforcement schedule, every instance of a behavior is followed by a consequence.

Question 4

Which of the following statements about goal-setting theory is true?&#10;A) Feedback should not be specific.&#10;B) Goals should be specific, measurable, attainable, and generalized.&#10;C) Workers do not have to truly accept organizational goals for goal-setting theory to be motivational.&#10;D) Goals can energize behavior.&#10;E) None of the above statements about goal-setting theory is true.

Accepted Answer

Feedback should specific and performance-related. Goals, too, should be specific. For goals to be motivational, workers must truly accept them.

Question 5

In general, extrinsic rewards are more important to workers than intrinsic rewards.

Accepted Answer

Both extrinsic and intrinsic rewards are identified as among the most important rewards to workers in general.

Question 6

According to the expectancy theory,  _______affect the conscious choices that people make about their motivation.&#10;A) equity, value-added, and instrumentality&#10;B) valence, expectancy, and instrumentality&#10;C) expectancy, reinforcement, and instrumentality&#10;D) instrumentality, equity, and expectancy&#10;E) expectancy, equity, and reinforcement&#10;Affect the conscious choices that people make about their

Accepted Answer

The expectancy theory proposes that motivation is determined by three factors: valence (the value attached to a particular outcome), expectancy (the belief that effort will result in successful performance), and instrumentality (the belief that successful performance will lead to a desired outcome). Therefore, choice is influenced by these three factors. Option B includes the correct three factors.

Question 7

To use expectancy theory to motivate employees, managers can&#10;A) assign specific, challenging goals&#10;B) make all rewards equal in value&#10;C) avoid overreward and underreward&#10;D) avoid the use of empowerment&#10;E) systematically gather information to find out what employees want from their jobs

Accepted Answer

Expectancy theory suggests that motivation is influenced by an individual's expectation that a certain level of effort will lead to a desired performance and that this performance will lead to a desired reward. By gathering information on what employees value, managers can align rewards with employee desires, thus enhancing motivation.

Question 8

On the basis of research evidence, the two basic needs categories are:&#10;A) tangible and intangible needs&#10;B) physiological and psychological needs&#10;C) higher-order and lower-order needs&#10;D) extrinsic and intrinsic needs&#10;E) realized and unrealized needs

Accepted Answer

The answer of On the basis of research evidence, the...

Question 9

The primary ways for creating reinforcement contingencies in organizations are:&#10;A) extrinsic rewards and the schedules of reinforcement&#10;B) extrinsic and intrinsic rewards&#10;C) perceptions of equity and reward desirability&#10;D) situational motivators&#10;E) higher-order needs and organizational structure

Accepted Answer

The primary ways for creating reinforcement contingencies in organizations are through the use of extrinsic rewards, such as bonuses or promotions, and the schedules of reinforcement, such as providing rewards based on a certain number of completed tasks. Extrinsic rewards can be effective in motivating employees in the short-term, but may not always lead to sustained motivation or satisfaction. Schedules of reinforcement can help establish clear expectations and goals for employees to work towards.

Question 10

Distributive justice refers to the perceived fairness of the process used to make reward allocation decisions.

Accepted Answer

This is the definition of procedural justice. Distributive justice refers to the perceived degree to which outcomes and rewards are fairly distributed or allocated.

Question 11

Punishment is also called avoidance learning.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Punishment is also called avoidance learning....

Question 12

_______strengthen behavior (i.e., increase its frequency).&#10;A) Positive and negative reinforcement&#10;B) Negative reinforcement and extinction&#10;C) Positive reinforcement and extinction&#10;D) Negative reinforcement, positive reinforcement, and punishment&#10;E) Negative reinforcement, positive reinforcement, extinction, and punishment

Accepted Answer

The answer of _______strengthen behavior (i.e., increase its frequency).&#10;A) Positive...

Deck 12: Section 3: Managing Individuals and a Diverse Work Force