Deck 13: Young Adulthood: Personality and Sociocultural Development

Question 1

Which of the following is the most accurate statement about the American Academy of Pediatrics' (AAP's) position on allowing homosexuals to adopt their partner's children?

A) The AAP supports adoption of children by a homosexual partner.
B) The AAP supports adoption, but only if the child is a biological child of the partner.
C) The AAP supports adoption, but only for lesbian women, not for gay men.
D) The AAP does not support adoption of children by a homosexual partner, regardless of circumstances.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

According to the view of Carl Rogers, in order to show a child unconditional positive regard, parents should:

A) impose conditions of worth
B) accept the child without reservation
C) never punish any behavior
D) praise a child whenever she accomplishes a goal

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The increase in the proportion of women in the U.S. workforce since the 1950s has been most dramatic for women in which of the following groups?

A) African American women
B) White women
C) Hispanic American women
D) None of the other answers are correct because changes in labor force participation rates for African American, white, and Hispanic American women have been nearly the same.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

If Alice and Arthur are a typical married couple who both work full-time, compared to Arthur, Alice will do _______ of the daily housework.

A) slightly less
B) an equal amount
C) 2 to 3 times more
D) 10 times more

Question 5

With regard to work, the satisfaction that workers derive from the work itself is the definition of:

A) intrinsic factors
B) remote factors
C) extrinsic factors
D) immediate factors

Question 6

Velma is astonished at how political her new job is, and she is struggling to meet her boss's expectations. Velma tells her husband that she had no idea about how hard this new job would be. Her response is best considered to be an example of:

A) poor mentoring
B) the first stage of the occupational cycle
C) the last stage of the occupational cycle
D) reality shock

Question 7

Suppose that Dr. Robins is interested in how people learn about and choose the jobs they hold in their lives. He decides to study a cohort of children, asking them what they think about different jobs, and they follow these children as they grow into adults, studying how they choose jobs and adjust to job demands. The topic of study that best describes Dr. Robins work is:

A) career counseling
B) industrial psychology
C) the occupational cycle
D) the "person-job fit" theory of careers

Question 8

Latonya is a new student at a major university and is trying hard to find new friends. Maslow would say that Latonya is trying to satisfy her need for:

A) self-actualization
B) esteem
C) safety
D) belongingness

Question 9

Learning that one's expectations about work are unrealistic and that one's training is inadequate is most likely to lead to which of the following?

A) reality shock
B) self-actualization
C) emotional independence
D) the mentoring relationship

Question 10

According to the text, nearly all couples cite which of the following as the central aspect of their relationship?

A) money
B) trust
C) help and support
D) love

Question 11

According to the text, which are the two most important tasks of emerging adulthood and early adulthood?

A) finding a job and making a living
B) finding a romantic partner and entering a career or job
C) finding a mate and having children
D) saving enough money to buy a house and having children

Question 12

The concept of "flow" corresponds most closely to the meaning of:

A) condition of worth
B) unconditional positive regard
C) conditional positive regard
D) self-actualization

Question 13

In comparison to the number of families with children that were headed by single women in the 1970, the number headed by single women in 2010 was:

A) slightly less
B) about the same
C) slightly more
D) substantially more

Question 14

When Mark and Jill had their first child, they had different reactions to parenthood. If their adjustment is typical of most new parents, you would expect that Jill would react to becoming a mother by:

A) giving priority to her parenting and family roles
B) intensifying her work efforts to become a better provider
C) ignoring her parenting responsibilities and spending more time with her female friends
D) assigning the majority of household and childcare responsibilities to Mark

Question 15

Through his own studies and thoughts, Robert has come to realize that he and his parents differ on several important beliefs. According to the text, which aspect of independence has Robert accomplished?

A) functional
B) attitudinal
C) emotional
D) conflictual

Question 16

In comparison to the percent of two-parent families in the U.S. living in poverty today, the percent of single-parent families headed by a father living in poverty is:

A) slightly lower
B) about the same
C) about 10% higher
D) about twice as high

Question 17

The stage of Havighurst's model of vocational life in which the idea of working enters into a person's self-concept is the stage of:

A) acquiring the basic habits of industry
B) acquiring an identity as a worker
C) identification with a worker
D) contemplating a productive/responsible life

Question 18

According to stimulus-value-role theory, during what stage of courtship are judgments typically formed on the other's appearance and social and mental traits?

A) value stage
B) role stage
C) stimulus stage
D) response stage

Question 19

The two reasons the text suggests to explain why women are underrepresented in the more highly paid professions are:

A) discrimination in the workplace and that women sometimes make early choices that limit their later career options
B) they lack "toughness" in making hard decisions and they are more nurturing
C) they do not have as much mathematical aptitude and they are more nurturing
D) they lack "toughness" in making hard decisions and they sometimes make early choices that limit their later career options

Question 20

Generalizing from research described in the text, if you were to study couples in dual-earner families, you would expect to find the highest levels of stress for people in which of the following groups?

A) men in professional-level jobs
B) men in working-class jobs
C) women in professional-level jobs
D) women in working-class jobs

Question 21

8. Lois lives in a country which suffers continually from riots and internal wars. This situation would challenge most directly Lois's ability to satisfy which of the following needs?

A) physiological
B) safety
C) esteem
D) cognitive

Question 22

11. According to the view of Carl Rogers, in order to show a child unconditional positive regard, parents should:

A) impose conditions of worth
B) accept the child without reservation
C) never punish any behavior
D) praise a child whenever she accomplishes a goal

Question 23

20. Which of the following is the best example of an intrinsic factor of work?

A) the rewards of salary and status the person receives
B) the convenience of work hours for the person's schedule
C) the opportunity for advancement to a better paying job
D) the degree to which the work is interesting and challenging

Question 24

15. Through his own studies and thoughts, Robert has come to realize that he and his parents differ on several important beliefs. According to the text, which aspect of independence has Robert accomplished?

A) functional
B) attitudinal
C) emotional
D) conflictual

Question 25

14. Randy is writing a short story and he becomes so immersed and engaged in this work that he completely forgets about time and is surprised that several hours have passed. This "in the moment" experience is best considered to be an example of:

A) unconditional positive regard
B) conditional positive regard
C) flow
D) identity transformation

Question 26

16. Margaret wants to move into her own apartment, but she hesitates to do so because she doesn't want to leave her widowed father to live by himself. Margaret's concern best exemplifies her inability to achieve which of the following types of independence?

A) conflictual independence
B) attitudinal independence
C) emotional independence
D) functional independence

Question 27

3. The classic view of self-development called the Hierarchy of Needs was proposed by which theorist?

A) Robert Sternberg
B) Jean Piaget
C) Carl Rogers
D) Abraham Maslow

Question 28

2. According to the text, which are the two most important tasks of emerging adulthood and early adulthood?

A) finding a job and making a living
B) finding a romantic partner and entering a career or job
C) finding a mate and having children
D) saving enough money to buy a house and having children

Question 29

9. John tells his girlfriend, "If you don't stop nagging me, I'm going to find a different girlfriend." John's statement emphasizes the concept of:

A) unconditional positive regard
B) self-actualization
C) conditions of worth
D) intrinsic reinforcement

Question 30

19. If you administered a survey that asked men and women to identify what was the most important component of defining themselves as who they are, you would expect men to answer __________ and women to answer ______________.

A) family; career
B) family; family
C) career; family
D) career; career

Question 31

17. Lindsay is 15 years old, lives in her own apartment, has a responsible job, chooses her own friends, and is independent from her parents except that they send her a check for $1,000 every month to help her make ends meet. Lindsay has most likely achieved all of the types of independence EXCEPT:

A) conflictual independence
B) attitudinal independence
C) emotional independence
D) functional independence

Question 32

10. When parents tell a child what to do or not to do in order to be considered a worthwhile human being, they are imposing what Carl Rogers termed:

A) self-actualization
B) self-esteem
C) conditions of worth
D) security and belongingness

Question 33

12. Luke tells his sister that he will love her, no matter what she does or how she acts. In his comment, according to the view of Carl Rogers, Luke is expressing which of the following characteristics:

A) unconditional positive regard
B) conditional positive regard
C) positive conditions of worth
D) self-actualization

Question 34

1. If you surveyed 22-year-olds today and compared the results of this survey to similar results gathered on 22-year-olds 50 years ago, you should expect to find that young adults today are:

A) marrying at younger ages but entering careers at older ages
B) marrying at older ages but entering careers at younger ages
C) marrying and entering careers at younger ages
D) marrying and entering careers at older ages

Question 35

13. The concept of "flow" corresponds most closely to the meaning of:

A) conditions of worth
B) unconditional positive regard
C) conditional positive regard
D) self-actualization

Question 36

18. Suppose you administered a survey to a group of men and women and asked them what was the most important component of defining themselves as who they are. Generalizing from a similar study reported in the text, you should expect the large majority to respond:

A) career advancement
B) income
C) family roles
D) opportunities for self-actualization

Question 37

7. Which of the following is the most basic (the lowest) need on Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

A) physiological needs
B) belongingness needs
C) safety needs
D) self-actualization

Question 38

5. The goal of self-actualization is most central to the theoretical perspective advanced by which of the following theorists?

A) Sigmund Freud
B) Jean Piaget
C) Abraham Maslow
D) Robert Sternberg

Question 39

4. According to Abraham Maslow, human needs can be arranged in a hierarchy with which of the following needs occupying the highest level?

A) self-fulfillment
B) self-perfection
C) self-improvement
D) self-actualization

Question 40

6. Latonya is a new student at a major university and is trying hard to find new friends. Maslow would say that Latonya is trying to satisfy her need for:

A) self-actualization
B) esteem
C) safety
D) belongingness

Question 41

37. Based on current population projections in the United States, what percent of men and women will marry at some point in their lives?

A) 40%
B) 60%
C) 70%
D) 90%

Question 42

27. According to the view of Robert Sternberg, which of the following words is used to describe the feeling of closeness that occurs in love relationships?

A) passion
B) communication
C) intimacy
D) commitment

Question 43

28. Carol and Jason have what is called romantic love. According to Robert Sternberg's view, which components of love make up romantic love?

A) passion and decision/commitment
B) intimacy and decision/commitment
C) intimacy and passion
D) intimacy, passion, and decision/commitment

Question 44

21. Montel describes his new accounting job as very rewarding because of his high level of interest in taxes and being able to work with numbers. Montel's description of his job points out the importance of which of the following factors?

A) intrinsic factors
B) extrinsic factors
C) unconditional regard factors
D) decision/commitment factors

Question 45

24. According to Erik Erikson, the primary developmental task in early adulthood is:

A) establishing a meaningful intimate relationship
B) learning to trust another person
C) understanding one's self and forming a self-identity
D) establishing career goals and starting to fulfill them

Question 46

39. In 1970, 57% of men and 88% of women married for the first time between the ages of 20 and 24. In 2009, these percentages were:

A) 24% for men and 38% for women
B) 38% for men and 58% for women
C) 55% for men and 85% for women
D) 63% for men and 72% for women

Question 47

29. Ben and Mindy feel very close to each other, and are happiest when they are together. They describe each other as "best friends." According to Robert Sternberg's view, their love is best characterized as one emphasizing:

A) infatuation
B) intimacy
C) passion
D) decision/commitment

Question 48

40. According to the 2010 U. S. Census, about what percentage of all married couples in the U.S. are self-described as "interracial"?

A) 1%
B) 3%
C) 10%
D) 25%

Question 49

25. According to the text, since the 1950s, U. S. society has changed dramatically in all of the following ways EXCEPT that:

A) expectations that couples should marry have relaxed
B) society now is more tolerant of sex outside of marriage
C) male and female roles have become more different from each other
D) expectations that marriage will last forever have become lower

Question 50

35. During which stage of the stimulus-value-role theory of couple formation do couples typically determine whether their interests, attitudes, and beliefs are compatible?

A) role stage
B) stimulus stage
C) value-comparison stage
D) triangulated stage

Question 51

30. According to Robert Sternberg's view of love, which of the following kinds of love has intimacy, passion, and commitment?

A) companionate love
B) consummate love
C) romantic love
D) infatuated love

Question 52

38. In traditional Arabic cultures, marriage typically is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:

A) marriages are usually arranged
B) marriages are usually with people who are strangers to the family
C) once a woman is engaged, all contact with men is forbidden
D) the night before the wedding the couple engage in sexual intercourse to see if the marriage will "work" for the husband

Question 53

32. Bob and Gina are a married couple who feel connected to each other, enjoy each other's company, and view marriage as a lifetime commitment. However, there is no passion in their love for each other anymore. In Sternberg's view, this marriage is best characterized by one focused on:

A) fatuous love
B) romantic love
C) committed love
D) companionate love

Question 54

31. According to Robert Sternberg's view, which kind of love do two people share who have passion, but lack intimacy and commitment?

A) fatuous love
B) empty love
C) romantic love
D) companionate love

Question 55

22. With regard to work, the satisfaction that workers derive from the work itself is the definition of:

A) intrinsic factors
B) remote factors
C) extrinsic factors
D) immediate factors

Question 56

23. Pedro describes his new job in terms of his salary and the bonuses he will receive. He describes his work in terms of its:

A) generativity
B) extrinsic factors
C) intrinsic factors
D) self-actualization potential

Question 57

33. According to stimulus-value-role theory, during what stage of courtship are judgments typically formed on the other's appearance and social and mental traits?

A) value stage
B) role stage
C) stimulus stage
D) response stage

Question 58

34. What theory of marital choice says that we try to get the best deal in life by examining the partner's assets and liabilities at various stages?

A) triangular theory
B) self-actualization theory
C) stimulus-value-role theory
D) hierarchy of needs theory

Question 59

26. According to the text, nearly all couples cite which of the following as the central aspect of their relationship?

A) money
B) trust
C) help and support
D) love

Question 60

36. According to a study cited in the text, about of university students in the U.S., England, and Australia reported that they would not marry a person without being in love; in cultures where arranged marriages are practiced, this percentage was .

A) 80%; 40%
B) 95%; 25%
C) 90%; 90%
D) 50%; 50%

Question 61

58. As a new parent, Leanne is trying to find a balance between the time she gives to her husband, her daughter, and her business. According to the text, Leanne is in which of the following stages of parenthood?

A) image-making stage
B) interpretive stage
C) nurturing stage
D) authority stage

Question 62

57. The period of parenthood when children are between the ages of 6 and 12 corresponds to which stage of parenthood?

A) interpretive, in which parents continue to evaluate their style of parenting
B) nurturing, in which parents learn to balance their family, personal, and professional lives
C) departure, in which parents evaluate their successes and failures as parents
D) image making, in which parents create an image of the kind of parents they will be

Question 63

44. According to statistics cited in the text, about what percent of cohabiting couples eventually marry:

A) 5%
B) 20%
C) 33%
D) 50%

Question 64

54. Ned and Barb are expecting their first child and are concerned about how well they will adjust to their parenting roles. According to research described in the text, all of the following are important factors in determining how they will adjust EXCEPT:

A) happiness in the marriage during pregnancy
B) self-esteem of the parents
C) the baby's characteristics and temperament
D) in which region of the country they live

Question 65

46. Generalizing from statistics reported in the text, which of the following couples would be most likely to experience the most tension in their relationship?

A) Mark and Nancy, who are a married, heterosexual couple
B) Felix and Tom, who are gale male couple
B) Jim and Mary, who are a cohabiting, heterosexual couple
C) Lindsey and Marie, who are a lesbian couple

Question 66

55. According to the text, when does the image-making stage of parenthood, during which parents create an image of the kind of parents they will be, occur:

A) from conception to birth
B) birth to 2 years
C) 2 years to 5 years
D) middle childhood

Question 67

56. The period from birth to age 2 corresponds to which stage of parenthood?

A) nurturing, in which parents become attached to the child
B) authority, in which parents evaluate their parenting style
C) departure, in which parents evaluate their successes and failures as parents
D) image making, in which parents create an image of the kind of parents they will be

Question 68

48. Generalizing from the text, you should expect that the proportion of the population who are single reached the HIGHEST point in which of the following years?

A) 1970
B) 1980
C) 2005
D) 2010

Question 69

51. Statistically speaking, which of the following people has the LEAST chance of being married, rather than single, in the U.S. today:

A) Jean, who is a white, non-Hispanic woman
B) Latoya, who is an African American woman
C) Linda, who is a Hispanic American woman
D) Li, who is an Asian American woman

Question 70

53. When Mark and Jill had their first child, they had different reactions to parenthood. If their adjustment is typical of most new parents, you would expect that Jill would react to becoming a mother by:

A) giving priority to her parenting and family roles
B) intensifying her work efforts to become a better provider
C) ignoring her parenting responsibilities and spending more time with her female friends
D) assigning the majority of household and childcare responsibilities to Mark

Question 71

41. According to the text, about what percent of cohabiting couples have children living with them?

A) about 10%
B) about 25%
C) about 30%
D) about 43%

Question 72

61. Among all families with children in 2010, what percentage were single-parent families headed by a single father?

A) 0.5%
B) 1%
C) 3%
D) 10%

Question 73

60. In comparison to the number of families with children that were headed by single women in the 1970, the number headed by single women in 2010 was:

A) slightly less
B) about the same
C) slightly more
D) substantially more

Question 74

43. According to the text, about what percentage of cohabiting couples in the U. S. today are over the age of 40:

A) about 10%
B) about 20%
C) about 35%
D) about 70%

Question 75

42. Statistics cited in the text suggest that the number of cohabiting couples in the U. S. is ______ the number of such couples in 1970.

A) slightly less than
B) about the same number as
C) about twice as many as
D) about 15 times greater than

Question 76

59. Among all families with children in 2010, what percentage were single-parent families headed by a single mother?

A) 23%
B) 17%
C) 13%
D) 8%

Question 77

52. When Mark and Jill had their first child, they had different reactions to parenthood. If their adjustment is typical of most new parents, you would expect that Mark would react to becoming a father by:

A) giving priority to his parenting and family roles
B) intensifying his work efforts to become a better provider
C) ignoring his parenting responsibilities and spending more time with his male friends
D) assuming the majority of household and childcare responsibilities

Question 78

50. Statistically speaking, which of the following people has the GREATEST chance of being single, rather than married, in the U.S. today?

A) Sam, an African American man
B) Fred, an Asian American man
C) Jose, a Hispanic American man
D) Jeff, a white, non-Hispanic man

Question 79

47. Which of the following is the most accurate statement about the American Academy of Pediatrics' (AAP's) position on allowing homosexuals to adopt their partner's children:

A) The AAP supports adoption of children by a homosexual partner.
B) The AAP supports adoption, but only if the child is a biological child of the partner.
C) The AAP supports adoption, but only for lesbian women, not for gay men.
D) The AAP does not support adoption of children by a homosexual partner, regardless of circumstances.

Question 80

45. Which of the following statements about cohabiting couples is TRUE?

A) If they marry, they are less likely to get divorced than couples who did not cohabitate before marriage.
B) If they marry, their marriages are generally happier than those of couples who did not cohabitate before marriage.
C) If they marry, they provide more support for each other than do couples who did not cohabitate before marriage.
D) They are more likely to have affairs outside of their relationships than are married couples.