Deck 3: Prenatal Development and Childbirth

Question 1

If a teratogen interferes with prenatal development only during a particular period of time, the period of development in which the teratogen can exert its effect is called:

A) a teratogenic period
B) a teratogenic stage
C) a critical period
D) a high-risk - low-reward stage

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The sequence of growth in which development proceeds from the head toward the feet is known as:

A) gross-to-specific trend
B) proximodistal trend
C) cephalocaudal trend
D) differentiated-to-integrated trend

Answer 2

C

Question 3

When a neonate's hand is stimulated by an object such as a finger or a pencil, the infant's fingers will close tightly in a grasp. This behavior is best considered to be an example of:

A) the plantar reflex
B) the palmar grasp reflex
C) the Moro reflex
D) the Babinski reflex

Answer 3

B

Question 4

An excited father who is watching his daughter be born exclaims with excitement, "I can see her head!" Technically, this would be referred to as:

A) "showing"
B) "crowning"
C) an Apgar of 1
D) traditional childbirth
Name _______________________________
Chapter 3 - Prenatal Development and Childbirth -

Question 5

Suppose that Judy's menstrual cycle begins on the first day of July. On which day should she expect that ovulation will occur?

A) July 1
B) July 10
C) July 14
D) July 28

Question 6

When infants reach the age of viability at 24 weeks, they have about a ______ % chance of surviving outside of the uterus if given high-quality medical treatment.

A) 90
B) 70
C) 50
D) 10

Question 7

Maria is in her ninth month of pregnancy. She begins to feel contractions, but when she gets up and walks around, the contractions go away. Most likely, she has experienced which of the following?

A) showing
B) the first stage of labor
C) the second stage of labor
D) Braxton-Hicks contractions

Question 8

Which of the following mothers is at the greatest risk of having a miscarriage?

A) Anne, who is 20
B) Judy, who is 28
C) Lucretia, who is 35
D) Mary, who is 42

Question 9

According to the text, about what percent of fertilized eggs are lost within the first two weeks following conception?

A) 2-3%
B) 5-9%
C) 25%
D) 60-70%

Question 10

When does ovulation typically occur?

A) during menstruation
B) the day before the onset of menstruation
C) the 14th day after the onset of menstruation
D) the day after menstruation has ceased

Question 11

Doug is told that his wife should not visit his office during the second and third month of her pregnancy because chemicals there could negatively affect the development of their baby. However, he is also told that it would be safe for her to visit after the fourth month, since the chemicals would not affect fetal development. This example highlights the concept of:

A) critical period
B) gross-to-specific trend
C) fetal development
D) ectopic pregnancy risk

Question 12

Suppose Dr. Barnes is a fertility specialist who studies the sex of recently fertilized ova. If her research population included all fertilized ova conceived in a population, and if she found that 1,000 of these zygotes were female, she should expect that the population would also include _____ male zygotes.

A) 960
B) 1,000
C) 1,040
D) 1,250

Question 13

Heart defects are especially common when pregnant mothers are exposed to a teratogen during which prenatal period?

A) the germinal period
B) the embryonic period
C) the fetal period
D) the last two weeks before birth

Question 14

If a pregnancy test can detect pregnancy within two weeks after fertilization, it most likely works by:

A) detecting the hormone human chorionic gonadotropin in the woman's urine
B) detecting a rise in the woman's body temperature from 98.6 to about 99.3
C) detecting the presence of a much higher percentage of alpha brain waves during the woman's sleep cycles
D) detecting a dramatic increase in the acidity of the woman's urine

Question 15

In prepared childbirth, the primary function of the relaxation and breathing techniques used is to:

A) increase the supply of oxygen to the baby during delivery
B) increase the Apgar score of the baby at the time of delivery
C) help the mother cope more effectively with the pain of delivery
D) reduce the carbon dioxide content of the mother's blood

Question 16

According to the text, traditional childbirth is typically done:

A) in a birthing center
B) in a hospital
C) at home
D) anywhere, including in a birthing center, in a hospital, or at home

Question 17

If a baby were born with no bowel and with complications involving the small intestines as the result of a problem very early in development, the most likely cause would be with the development of the:

A) ectoderm
B) mesoderm
C) endoderm
D) placenta

Question 18

The digestive system, lungs, and some other internal organs develop from which of the following layers of cells present in the embryo?

A) ectoderm
B) mesoderm
C) endoderm
D) zygoderm

Question 19

Jackie is a new mother who says, "I just can't stand to be away from my baby. I feel so close to him emotionally that I just love him." Jackie's comments reflect the core principle involved in:

A) crowning
B) attachment
C) the Moro reflex
D) the Babinski reflex

Question 20

Suppose a baby is born whose Apgar score is 3. What would such a score most likely indicate?

A) All vital signs are perfect.
B) All vital signs are normal.
C) Some of the baby's bodily processes are not functioning fully.
D) Immediate emergency measures are required.

Question 21

2. Lacy is 38 years old and has just found out she is pregnant. Although the pregnancy is unintended, Lacy may take some comfort in knowing that unintended pregnancies comprise about what percent of all pregnancies in the United States today?

A) two-thirds
B) half
C) one-third
D) 10%

Question 22

16. The fetal period of prenatal development occurs during which trimester(s)?

A) the first trimester
B) the second trimester
C) the third trimester
D) the second and third trimesters

Question 23

18. The number of sperm contained in each ejaculation is approximately:

A) 200
B) 2,000
C) 200,000
D) 200,000,000

Question 24

5. What is the correct developmental sequence of the periods of prenatal development?

A) germinal, embryonic, fetal
B) embryonic, fetal, germinal
C) fetal, germinal, embryonic
D) germinal, fetal, embryonic

Question 25

10. Suppose that Judy's menstrual cycle begins on the first day of July. On which day should she expect that ovulation will occur?

A) July 1
B) July 10
C) July 14
D) July 28

Question 26

12. Fertilization normally takes place:

A) in the uterus
B) in the vagina
C) in the ovary from which the egg is released
D) in the fallopian tube

Question 27

3. Which type of genetic information is NOT included in a one-celled fertilized egg?

A) genetic instructions for whether the sex of the child will be male or female
B) genetic instructions for how tall the child will likely be at adulthood
C) genetic instructions for eye color
D) All genetic instructions are present from the point of fertilization on.

Question 28

11. Suppose that Latisha's menstrual cycle begins on the first day of January. If she is planning on having sexual intercourse but does not want to become pregnant, she should be most concerned about using contraception (or abstaining from intercourse) during which of the following dates?

A) January 2-7
B) January 10-15
C) January 20-26
D) January 27-31

Question 29

4. In a typical normal pregnancy, which of the following statements about the length of trimesters is correct?

A) The first trimester is the longest.
B) The second trimester is the longest.
C) The third trimester is the longest.
D) All trimesters are about the same length.

Question 30

15. The embryonic period of prenatal development occurs during which trimester(s)?

A) the first trimester
B) the second trimester
C) the third trimester
D) the second and third trimesters

Question 31

6. The germinal period of prenatal development begins with conception and ends about ___ later.

A) one trimester
B) two weeks
C) one month
D) 12 weeks

Question 32

8. When does ovulation typically occur?

A) during menstruation
B) the day before the onset of menstruation
C) the 14th day after the onset of menstruation
D) the day after menstruation has ceased

Question 33

20. The union of an ovum and sperm creates a(n):

A) gamete
B) embryo
C) amnion
D) zygote

Question 34

14. The germinal period of prenatal development occurs during which trimester(s)?

A) the first trimester
B) the second trimester
C) the third trimester
D) the second and third trimesters

Question 35

19. If George and his wife wish to increase the chances of becoming pregnant, they should know that George's sperm can survive about how long following ejaculation?

A) 2-3 hours
B) 6-12 hours
C) 24-36 hours
D) 5 days

Question 36

7. What is the release of the ovum from the ovary called?

A) ovulation
B) fertilization
C) implantation
D) menstruation

Question 37

13. The attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall is called:

A) ovulation
B) menstruation
C) fertilization
D) implantation

Question 38

17. Normally, sperm can survive and be viable for about how long following ejaculation?

A) 2-3 hours
B) 24-36 hours
C) 1-2 days
D) about 5 days

Question 39

9. After studying human prenatal development, Rita should know that one (or more) of her ova will begin to undergo the final stage of meiosis at about what point in each of her menstrual cycles?

A) on the first or second day of a regular menstrual period
B) on about the 10^th day after the start of a regular menstrual period
C) about two weeks after the start of a regular menstrual period
D) on about the 28^th day after the start of a regular menstrual period

Question 40

1. Nancy is 15 years old and has just found out she is pregnant. Although the pregnancy is unintended, Nancy may take some comfort in knowing that unintended pregnancies comprise about what percent of all teen pregnancies in the United States today?

A) two-thirds
B) half
C) one-third
D) 10%

Question 41

34. When a woman becomes pregnant from the fertilization of two separate ova by two separate sperm, these twins are called _________ twins:

A) dizygotic
B) monozygotic
C) identical
D) nonfraternal

Question 42

35. Which of the following statements regarding fraternal twins is FALSE?

A) They are produced when two ova are released and each unites with a sperm.
B) They may be of the same or opposite sex.
C) The twins develop from the same zygote.
D) The genetic traits of the two twins can be as different or as similar as those of any other two siblings.

Question 43

29. Suppose that prior to implantation, Janetha's fertilized egg divides into two cells, and these cells then split entirely. If Janetha's pregnancy results in a healthy birth, you would know that she would have:

A) a girl
B) a boy
C) a girl and a boy
D) twins with identical genetic characteristics

Question 44

33. Tom and Forrest are dizygotic twins. Therefore, they:

A) share the same physical traits
B) resulted from the division of a single fertilized ovum
C) are no more alike genetically than any other two siblings
D) have been raised in different environments

Question 45

28. Dr. Shepard is an advocate for laws that would prohibit abortion under all circumstances. To make her case, she argues that, of pregnancies that survive the first few weeks, over half are terminated by an abortion. You know that Dr. Shepard's argument is false because the percentage of pregnancies that are terminated by abortion after the first few weeks is actually:

A) 2%
B) 6%
C) 19%
D) 36%

Question 46

37. Which of the following develops from the embryonic disk?

A) the placenta
B) the baby
C) the amniotic sac
D) the amniotic fluid

Question 47

38. Which of the following structures is most similar in function to a filtering system in the engine of a car that moves gas from the gas tank, filters impurities out of it, and delivers it to the carburetor?

A) the amniotic fluid
B) the amniotic sac
C) the placenta
D) the embryonic disk

Question 48

30. The similarity of genetic traits carried by two individuals who are dizygotic twins would be most comparable to which of the following pairs of individuals?

A) their mother and father
B) any two siblings, regardless of gender
C) two clones of the same person
D) two unrelated individuals

Question 49

22. If Susanna was worried that she has just become pregnant as the result of intercourse last night, and she wants to take a drug to make sure that implantation of the fertilized ovum does not occur, she should be sure to take this drug:

A) immediately, because implantation occurs in the first day after fertilization
B) within 24 hours, because implantation occurs in the first 24 to 36 hours after fertilization
C) within 2 days, because implantation occurs about 3 days following fertilization
D) within 5-6 days, because implantation occurs about 1 week following fertilization

Question 50

39. A fluid-filled membrane that encloses the developing embryo or fetus is called the:

A) amniotic sac
B) embryonic disk
C) fallopian tube
D) placenta

Question 51

25. According to the text, about what percent of fertilized eggs are lost within the first two weeks following conception:

A) 2-3%
B) 5-9%
C) 25%
D) 60-70%

Question 52

24. If a pregnancy test can detect pregnancy within two weeks after fertilization, it most likely works by:

A) detecting the hormone human chorionic gonadotropin in the woman's urine
B) detecting a rise in the woman's body temperature from 98.6 to about 99.3
C) detecting the presence of a much higher percentage of alpha brain waves during the woman's sleep cycles
D) detecting a dramatic increase in the acidity of the woman's urine

Question 53

31. John (a boy) and Jill (a girl) claim that they are twins. You would know for certain that:

A) if they are twins, they are monozygotic twins
B) if they are twins, they are dizygotic twins
C) if they are twins, John was born first and Jill was born second
D) they could not possibly be twins

Question 54

23. If Jacob was going to draw a picture of a blastula, the shape he would produce would be most like which of the following?

A) a straight line
B) a square
C) a circle
D) a "glob" that looks like the shape of Lake Michigan

Question 55

26. Janae wants to become pregnant and believes that fertilization has taken place. However, she does not want to get her hopes up too quickly because she knows that about _______ of fertilized ova are lost during the first two weeks of pregnancy.

A) 5%
B) 10-15%
C) a third
D) two-thirds

Question 56

36. Suppose that Maddie has difficulty becoming pregnant and decides to use reproductive technologies to increase her chances of having a baby. According to the text, one side effect of this technology that she should be aware of is that it:

A) increases the risk of miscarriage
B) increases her chances of getting a divorce
C) increases her chances of having twins
D) increases her likelihood of experiencing postpartum depression

Question 57

40. The disk-shaped structure that nourishes the embryo and fetus is called the:

A) amniotic sac
B) umbilical disk
C) embryonic disk
D) placenta

Question 58

27. Combining the percentage of fertilized eggs that are lost within the first two weeks with the percent that are aborted or lost due to miscarriage in the remaining months of pregnancy, you should conclude that about ________ of all fertilized eggs eventually result in the birth of a baby.

A) 20%
B) half
C) two-thirds
D) almost 90%

Question 59

21. Implantation of a fertilized egg in the uterine wall typically occurs:

A) within 1 to 2 hours following fertilization
B) within 12 to 24 hours following fertilization
C) within 2 to 3 days following fertilization
D) about one week following fertilization

Question 60

32. Jane and Jill are monozygotic twins. Therefore, they:

A) share the same physical traits
B) are no more alike than any other two siblings
C) developed from two separate ova fertilized by two separate sperm
D) have been raised in different environments

Question 61

59. In developed economies like the U.S., a healthy fetus reaches the age of viability at:

A) 30 weeks
B) 24 weeks
C) 20 weeks
D) 16 weeks

Question 62

43. The skin, sense organs, and the brain develop from which of the following layers of cells present in the embryo?

A) ectoderm
B) mesoderm
C) endoderm
D) zygoderm

Question 63

55. Generalizing from data presented in the text, you should conclude that ______ embryos are more vulnerable during the prenatal period and _______ are more vulnerable during the first two years of life.

A) male; male
B) female; female
C) male; female
D) female; male

Question 64

46. If a baby were born with no bowel and with complications involving the small intestines as the result of a problem very early in development, the most likely cause would be with the development of the:

A) ectoderm
B) mesoderm
C) endoderm
D) placenta

Question 65

57. Dr. Peters tells a pregnant woman that she is now at the point in her pregnancy where her baby would have a 50% chance of surviving if it were born today. At what point in pregnancy is this woman?

A) 24 weeks
B) 29 weeks
C) 32 weeks
D) 35 weeks

Question 66

60. Dr. Buresh tells a pregnant woman that she is now at the point in her pregnancy where her baby would have a 50% chance of surviving if it were born. This point is termed:

A) the age of viability
B) the beginning of the fetal period
C) the beginning of the embryonic period
D) the end of the embryonic period

Question 67

42. The digestive system, lungs, and some other internal organs develop from which of the following layers of cells present in the embryo?

A) ectoderm
B) mesoderm
C) endoderm
D) zygoderm

Question 68

47. If a baby were born with an incompletely formed digestive system and lung problems as the result of a problem very early in development, the most likely cause would be with the development of the:

A) ectoderm
B) mesoderm
C) endoderm
D) placenta

Question 69

56. Rex describes a period of the lifespan as "the time when primitive organ systems mature and become functional." The period he is describing would correctly be identified as:

A) the germinal period
B) the fetal period
C) the embryonic period
D) the viability period

Question 70

51. Suppose Naomi is in her third trimester of pregnancy. If Naomi is worried that her pregnancy might end with a spontaneous abortion, you might be able to provide some comfort to her by stating that _____ of spontaneous abortions occur in the first trimester.

A) about half
B) about two-thirds
C) about 90%
D) about 99.9%

Question 71

48. Which of the following developmental events occurs earliest in the prenatal period?

A) the baby is able to hear
B) the baby is able to see
C) the heart starts beating
D) the neural tube develops into a three-part brain

Question 72

45. If a baby were born with malformed eyes and ears as the result of a problem very early in development, the most likely cause would be with the development of the:

A) ectoderm
B) mesoderm
C) endoderm
D) placenta

Question 73

52. Which of the following groups would be expected to have the highest rate of miscarriage?

A) babies whose fathers are younger than 20
B) babies whose fathers are between 20 and 30 years of age
C) babies whose fathers are between 30 and 40 years of age
D) babies whose fathers are older than 40

Question 74

53. Suppose Paul is working in a hospital. For every 100 female babies born, he should expect that about ____ male babies will be born.

A) 94
B) 100
C) 105
D) 125

Question 75

58. When infants reach the age of viability at 24 weeks, they have about a ______ % chance of surviving outside of the uterus if given high-quality medical treatment.

A) 90
B) 70
C) 50
D) 10

Question 76

49. An advertising campaign urges pregnant women to get good prenatal care by saying that all of the structures that we recognize as human (including arms, legs, eyes, internal organs, and a beating heart) have already developed early in pregnancy. Having studied prenatal development, you know that the most accurate statement is that these structures are present, at least in rudimentary form, by:

A) the end of the second week of pregnancy
B) the end of the second month of pregnancy
C) the end of the fourth week of pregnancy
D) the end of the fourth month of pregnancy

Question 77

50. Suppose a friend calls you and tells you that she has had a miscarriage during the fourth month of her pregnancy. Technically, her miscarriage would be termed:

A) spontaneous abortion
B) term abortion
C) mid-term abortion
D) developmental abortion

Question 78

41. During which period of prenatal development do most major structures, such as the heart, develop in rudimentary form?

A) embryonic period
B) fetal period
C) germinal period
D) zygotic period

Question 79

54. Suppose Dr. Barnes is a fertility specialist who studies the sex of recently fertilized ova. If her research population included all fertilized ova conceived in a population, and if she found that 1,000 of these zygotes were female, she should expect that the population would also include _____ male zygotes.

A) 960
B) 1,000
C) 1,040
D) 1,250

Question 80

44. The muscles, blood, and the excretory system develop from which of the following layers of cells present in the embryo?

A) ectoderm
B) mesoderm
C) endoderm
D) zygoderm