Deck 5: Memory

Question 1

Memory is:

A)a capacity for learning.
B)a system that allows people to retain information over time.
C)an ability of humans only.
D)unchangeable.

Answer 1

a system that allows people to retain information over time.

Question 2

How long do the contents of the sensory store normally last?

A)less than one second
B)about four to twenty seconds
C)about five to nine minutes
D)up to a lifetime

Answer 2

less than one second

Question 3

The sensory memory associated with the visual sense is called the:

A)iconic memory system.
B)echoic memory system.
C)optical memory system.
D)occipital memory system.

Answer 3

iconic memory system.

Question 4

Which memory system provides us with a very brief image of all the stimuli present at a particular moment?

A)long-term memory
B)sensory memory
C)primary memory
D)short-term memory

Question 5

A system that allows people to retain information over time is called:

A)memory.
B)cognition.
C)computer.
D)intelligence.

Question 6

What is the system or process by which the products or results of learning are stored for future use?

A)cognition
B)memory
C)perception
D)sensation

Question 7

Deciding what information to store and how to represent it is known as:

A)remembering.
B)decoding.
C)encoding.
D)recall.

Question 8

Christine has always had an unusually effective memory.She credits this to the fact that after seeing something just once,she can visualize the object in great detail,as if she was looking at a photograph of it.Christine's ability is an example of ________.

A)clairvoyance
B)eidetic imagery
C)episodic imagery
D)mnemonics

Question 9

A visual image held in the sensory register is _____________.

A)an icon
B)a pictograph
C)a trace
D)a symbol

Question 10

The step in the memory process that actually makes our memories available to us is:

A)retrieval.
B)encoding.
C)rehearsal.
D)storage.

Question 11

Memory is classically defined as:

A)a capacity for learning.
B)the ability retain information over time.
C)an ability of humans only.
D)unchangeable.

Question 12

Iconic and echoic memory are types of _______ memory.

A)working
B)sensory
C)short-term
D)long-term

Question 13

Students in a psychology experiment were exposed to three nonsense syllables for a very short period of time and then asked to recall them.If the instructions to recall the syllables came immediately,the students were usually successful.If the instructions came even one second after the syllables were shown,the students were much less successful.The MOST plausible explanation for this phenomenon is that,in the latter case,_____________.

A)the icon never made it to the sensory registers
B)the icon was already stored in short-term memory
C)the icon faded after being stored in short-term memory
D)the icon faded before being stored in short-term memory

Question 14

What are the components of the information-processing model in order?

A)retrieval,encoding,storage
B)encoding,capturing,retrieval
C)capturing,encoding,retrieval
D)encoding,storage,retrieval

Question 15

The auditory equivalent of the icon is the ____________.

A)echo
B)vibration
C)sound wave
D)neural trace

Question 16

Our visual sensation of a passing automobile would be initially stored in ___________.

A)the sensory registers
B)short-term memory
C)long-term memory
D)the hippocampus

Question 17

Iconic memory and echoic memory represent what many theorists call:

A)precepts.
B)imaginal systems.
C)sensory memory systems.
D)rapid retrieval systems.

Question 18

You looked up a friend's address for a letter you wrote.Suddenly the phone rings-wrong number.Even though you were interrupted for only a few seconds,you've forgotten the address.Which memory system failed you?

A)permanent memory
B)long-term memory
C)sensory memory
D)short-term memory

Question 19

Encoding is:

A)recalling information.
B)recognizing information.
C)representing information.
D)remembering information.

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT true of eidetic imagery?

A)It is much more common in children than in adults.
B)It seems to vary from person to person.
C)Children with eidetic imagery outperform other children on tests of memory.
D)Some people can produce eidetic images of three-dimensional objects.

Question 21

The process we use to notice important stimuli and ignore irrelevant ones is ______.

A)encoding
B)attention
C)masking
D)chunking

Question 22

What we are thinking of at any given moment,or what we commonly know as "consciousness," is ____________.

A)long-term memory
B)short-term memory
C)secondary memory
D)cognitive dissonance

Question 23

Information selected from sensory memory is transferred to conscious awareness or:

A)primary memory.
B)short-term memory.
C)factual memory.
D)long-term memory.

Question 24

Many years ago,telephone numbers had only four or five digits.Even now,no more than seven digits are used for phone numbers.The most reasonable psychological explanation for this is that ________________.

A)there is a direct relationship between the number of items in the sensory registers and their retention
B)there is an inverse relationship between the number of items in the sensory registers and their retention
C)there is a direct relationship between the number of items in short-term memory and their retention
D)there is an inverse relationship between the number of items in short-term memory and their retention

Question 25

What is the capacity of short-term memory?

A)five,plus or minus two letters
B)seven,plus or minus two chunks
C)five,plus or minus two engrams
D)seven,plus or minus two numbers

Question 26

The capacity of STM is _______ items.

A)unlimited
B)7 +or - 2
C)12
D)22

Question 27

Information in short-term memory is retained ________.

A)for about 60 seconds
B)as long as it is rehearsed
C)for several seconds without rehearsal
D)up to several minutes

Question 28

If you want to remember something for a couple of minutes,the MOST effective device is __________.

A)visual imagery
B)tactile imagery
C)rote rehearsal
D)elaborative rehearsal

Question 29

Students in a psychology experiment were exposed to three notes of music for a very short period of time and then asked to recall them.If the instructions to recall the notes came immediately,the students usually succeeded.If the instructions came more than three seconds after the notes were played,the students were much less successful.The MOST plausible explanation for this phenomenon is that,in the latter case,_____________ .

A)the echo never made it to the sensory registers
B)the echo faded after being stored in short-term memory
C)the echo was already stored in long-term memory
D)the echo faded before being stored in short-term memory

Question 30

Information that has been transferred out of sensory memory enters:

A)long-term.
B)short-term.
C)savings.
D)either short-term or long-term depending on the level at which it is processed.

Question 31

The process by which we notice stimuli selectively is called:

A)attention.
B)recognition.
C)saving.
D)recalling.

Question 32

Information in short-term memory is coded _______.

A)abstractly
B)visually only
C)acoustically only
D)acoustically and visually

Question 33

In what way are sensory memory and long-term memory similar?

A)Storage in both is essentially permanent.
B)Retrieval from both is immediate.
C)Both have a large capacity.
D)Both make exclusive use of semantic retrieval cues.

Question 34

Attention is the process of ________.

A)storing information
B)representing information
C)selectively noticing stimuli
D)recognizing visual sensations

Question 35

An echo usually stays in the sensory registers for __________.

A)1/4 of a second
B)one second
C)several seconds
D)40 seconds

Question 36

What is the capacity of short-term memory?

A)five,plus or minus pieces of information
B)eleven,plus or minus two chunks
C)fifteen,plus or minus two engrams
D)three,plus or minus two numbers

Question 37

Memory span is _______ and is associated with _______ memory.

A)the duration that information is stored;short-term
B)number of items stored;long-term
C)the number of items stored;short-term
D)the duration that information is stored;long-term

Question 38

Verbal and visual codes are types of _______ encoding.

A)primary
B)secondary
C)short-term
D)long-term

Question 39

The working memory is known as the _____________ memory.

A)tertiary
B)primary
C)short-term
D)long-term

Question 40

Sensing is to _______ memory as rehearsal is to _______.

A)sensory store;attention
B)short-term;long-term
C)attention;short-term
D)sensory;short-term

Question 41

Most normal adults have a memory span:

A)of between 5 and 9 items.
B)that averages 7.
C)of 7 plus-or-minus 2.
D)all of the above.

Question 42

The average memory span consists of _______ items.

A)five
B)six
C)seven
D)nine

Question 43

An individual's semantic memory contains:

A)memories about events.
B)background knowledge about words,symbols,concepts and rules arranged as hierarchies of information in categories and subordinate categories.
C)autobiographical information about one's previous experiences.
D)the order and sequence of information from specific to general.

Question 44

Steve was recalling his first day in college,including walking into the wrong class,dropping his books as he left,and the long line at the registrar's office he encountered when he had to switch classes.These memories are examples of:

A)semantic memory.
B)implicit memory.
C)procedural memory.
D)episodic memory.

Question 45

Chunking is a means of _______________.

A)immediately forgetting irrelevant details
B)organizing information into meaningful units
C)arranging details into a hierarchy from most important to least important
D)storing long-term memories

Question 46

Chunking aids:

A)understanding.
B)perception.
C)retention.
D)encoding.

Question 47

Most people cannot store the following list of letters in short-term memory. G O T O Y O U R B E D R O O M
However,if the letters are grouped meaningfully into words,they fit short-term's memory span: Go to your bedroom.This illustrates _________.

A)chunking
B)backward masking
C)verbal coding
D)selective attention

Question 48

Information is grouped for storage in short-term memory through the process of __________.

A)rote rehearsal
B)cueing
C)chunking
D)categorizing

Question 49

Which of the following is NOT an example of long-term memory?

A)identifying a perfume as that worn by your grandmother 20 years ago
B)repeating an address after it was told to you
C)repeating a poem learned in nursery school
D)remembering how to ride a bike

Question 50

The state psychology association has invited teams from all the colleges in the state to compete in a Psych Bowl.The teams will answer questions such as "Who founded the first psychology laboratory?" Where is this information stored?

A)long-term memory
B)short-term memory
C)conceptual memory
D)primary memory

Question 51

Chunking is a means of _______.

A)immediately forgetting irrelevant details
B)organizing information into meaningful units
C)arranging details into a hierarchy from most important to least important
D)storing long-term memories

Question 52

Your street address,telephone number,and social security number are stored in:

A)numerical memory.
B)short-term memory.
C)long-term memory.
D)sensory memory.

Question 53

The type of memory that is most like an encyclopedia or a dictionary is __________.

A)emotional memory
B)episodic memory
C)procedural memory
D)semantic memory

Question 54

Information is grouped for storage in short-term memory through a process called _______.

A)chunking
B)categorizing
C)rehearsal
D)cueing

Question 55

What is the capacity of short-term memory?

A)7 bits of information
B)7 chunks of information
C)12 letters,if measured by Sperling's partial report technique
D)16 letters,if measured by Sperling's partial report technique

Question 56

The short-term memory capacity (digit-span)in a normal adult is about:

A)9 items.
B)7 or 8 items.
C)4 or 5 items.
D)14 or 15 items.

Question 57

Which of the following is an example of semantic memory?

A)events
B)concepts
C)time
D)place

Question 58

Memory span is a characteristic of:

A)long-term memory.
B)short-term memory.
C)sensory memory.
D)semantic memory.

Question 59

Why is implicit memory so difficult to study?

A)It does not operate on a conscious level.
B)It is a more recently identified type of memory.
C)It is concerned with the identification of only certain words and objects.
D)People with perfectly intact memories are often the focus of study.

Question 60

Which statement concerning long-term memory is TRUE?

A)Information in long-term is stored permanently.
B)Rehearsal is one of the primary methods information is moved from short-term to long-term.
C)The longer information is in short-term,the more likely it will be stored in long-term.
D)all of the above

Question 61

Semantic memory is organized __________.

A)in chunks
B)sequentially and chronologically
C)hierarchically
D)chronologically

Question 62

When Rip Van Winkle returns to his native village after 20 years of sleeping in the mountains,he goes immediately to the location of his former house and asks for his wife and children by name.The kind of memory that he is exhibiting is _______.

A)procedural memory
B)semantic memory
C)episodic memory
D)eidetic memory

Question 63

The concept of a house would be stored in _______.

A)the sensory registers
B)short-term memory
C)eidetic memory
D)long-term memory

Question 64

Reproducing what one has learned exactly as one learned it,is required in the ______ method of testing memory.

A)cued matching
B)savings
C)recognition
D)serial recall

Question 65

The portion of long-term memory that stores specific information that has personal meaning is called __________ memory.

A)emotional
B)episodic
C)semantic
D)procedural

Question 66

Connie lost her keys.She searches her memory for when she last had them,and goes to that place in the hope that it will help her remember where she misplaced them.Connie is ________ activating her _________.

A)unconsciously;semantic memory
B)conscious;semantic memory
C)unconsciously;episodic memory
D)consciously;episodic memory

Question 67

On a TV game show,Jeannette is asked to name the state capital of Vermont.This information is most likely stored in ______.

A)procedural memory
B)semantic memory
C)episodic memory
D)eidetic memory

Question 68

The process of getting information out of memory is known as:

A)retention.
B)retrieval.
C)reconstruction.
D)reliable.

Question 69

Our memories of general knowledge items such as the meanings of words or the dates of famous historical events are stored in _______.

A)procedural memory
B)semantic memory
C)episodic memory
D)eidetic memory

Question 70

Which of the following is an example of semantic memory?

A)events
B)concepts
C)time
D)place

Question 71

Your memories of personal information such as what you wore to work yesterday or what you ate for breakfast this morning are stored in _______________.

A)procedural memory
B)semantic memory
C)episodic memory
D)eidetic memory

Question 72

Information that was either unintentionally committed to or unintentionally retried from memory is known as ___________ .

A)eidetic memory
B)procedural memory
C)implicit memory
D)explicit memory

Question 73

"Iconic" and "echoic" are to sensory memory as "episodic," "semantic," and "procedural" are to _______ memory.

A)long-term
B)short-term
C)procedural
D)semantic

Question 74

Scott remembers all of the details of his wedding seven years ago.This information is most likely stored in _______ memory.

A)iconic
B)episodic
C)semantic
D)short-term

Question 75

Your memories of personal information such as what you wore to work yesterday,what you ate for breakfast this morning,or who your spouse is,are stored in ______.

A)procedural memory
B)semantic memory
C)episodic memory
D)eidetic memory

Question 76

Your tutor has "one last word" for you before she ends today's session.She tells you to study material in the middle of your study session a little harder.What concept from memory research is the basis of her advice?

A)serial position effect
B)state-dependent learning
C)transfer test
D)imagery

Question 77

Retrieval cues ______.

A)are important in helping us remember items stored in long-term memory
B)are aids in rote rehearsal in short-term memory
C)can be helpful in both long and short-term memory
D)have been recently shown to be inefficient in accessing available information in memory

Question 78

Last week Lisa took an abnormal psychology test and did not miss a question.However,when a guest speaker came to class a week later to talk about schizophrenia,she had trouble remembering some of the relevant class material.She remembered even less about the topic when she saw a news report on schizophrenia a month later.What memory phenomenon explains what Lisa is experiencing?

A)mirage effect
B)serial position curve
C)free recall curve
D)curve of forgetting

Question 79

A recognition test requires one to:

A)reproduce material when provided a cue.
B)profit from previous learning to relearn faster.
C)pick the correct answer from among several possible ones provided.
D)reproduce material without cues provided.

Question 80

Which type of memory is concerned with remembering the day your parents bought you a car?

A)implicit memory
B)semantic memory
C)episodic memory
D)procedural memory