Deck 1: The Science of Psychology

Question 1

Structuralism emphasizes __________.

A)individual differences
B)the application of biological principles to the mind
C)the influence of subconscious urges on conscious behavior
D)the basic units of experience and their combinations

Answer 1

the basic units of experience and their combinations

Question 2

Psychology:

A)has an applied side.
B)is a science of behavior.
C)has goals of describing,predicting,and explaining events.
D)all of the above

Answer 2

all of the above

Question 3

Which school of psychology assumes that human activity cannot be broken down into separate units for analysis but must be evaluated as wholes?

A)humanism
B)Gestalt
C)functionalism
D)behaviorism

Answer 3

Gestalt

Question 4

Wertheimer was associated with __________ psychology.

A)functionalist
B)psychoanalytic
C)Gestalt
D)existential

Question 5

Which of the following does NOT fit with the other three?

A)Wundt
B)1879
C)functionalism
D)introspection

Question 6

Freud was the founder of __________.

A)existential psychology
B)behavioral psychology
C)psychoanalysis
D)behaviorism

Question 7

The first psychology laboratory was founded by __________.

A)Wundt
B)James
C)Titchener
D)Watson

Question 8

Studying the elements of sensations,feelings,and images is most directly associated with which school of psychology?

A)structuralism
B)functionalism
C)behaviorism
D)humanism

Question 9

Scientific psychology is formally recognized to have begun:

A)in Greece,with the work of Hippocrates.
B)in the United States,with the work of James.
C)in Austria,with the work of Freud.
D)in Germany,with the work of Wundt.

Question 10

Which of the following is associated with Gestalt psychology?

A)Skinner
B)Wertheimer
C)James
D)Jones

Question 11

Freud's theories differed radically from the views of his predecessors because of __________.

A)its extensive use of laboratory research to support its claims
B)the emphasis it placed on Eastern philosophies and culture
C)the emphasis it placed on unconscious processes
D)its emphasis on environmental learning as the source for most personality characteristics

Question 12

By general agreement,psychology was born in __________.

A)1642
B)1853
C)1879
D)1906

Question 13

The psychological school that asks,"What are mental processes for?" rather than "What are mental processes?" is which of the following?

A)structuralism
B)functionalism
C)humanism
D)Gestalt

Question 14

Psychology is said to have begun when

A)medicine was seen to be ineffective in treating neurosis.
B)Wilhelm Wundt started the first psychological laboratory .
C)Sigmund Freud opened his private practice in Vienna.
D)it was discovered in the early 1900s that many illnesses have no medical.

Question 15

The primary method of investigation used by structuralists was:

A)natural observation.
B)dream interpretation.
C)objective introspection.
D)experimentation.

Question 16

Wertheimer was associated with the _____________ school.

A)functionalist
B)psychoanalytic
C)Gestalt
D)behaviorist

Question 17

Modern psychology is said to have begun when:

A)Greek philosophers began studying the differences between people.
B)Wundt opened the first laboratory devoted to the scientific study of psychology.
C)Freud developed psychoanalytic theory and therapy.
D)it was discovered in the early 1900s that many illnesses have no medical basis.

Question 18

As a science,psychology is approximately how old?

A)50 years
B)130 years
C)175 years
D)2500 years since the field dates back to the ancient Greeks

Question 19

Titchener was a member of the ___________school of thought.

A)structuralists
B)functionalist
C)behaviorist
D)reductionist

Question 20

The first psychology laboratory was opened by _________.

A)Wundt
B)James
C)Titchener
D)Watson

Question 21

Skinner is associated with __________.

A)structuralism
B)behaviorism
C)Gestalt psychology
D)existentialism

Question 22

B.F.Skinner is most closely associated with which school of psychology?

A)cognitive
B)humanistic
C)functionalism
D)behaviorism

Question 23

A psychologist bases his/her theories completely on measuring observable behaviors.This psychologist is probably a __________.

A)humanist
B)behaviorist
C)structuralist
D)functionalist

Question 24

Wundt is to structuralism as _______ is to psychoanalysis.

A)Freud
B)Watson
C)Rogers
D)Maslow

Question 25

Which one of the following psychologists was responsible for originating the behavioral school of psychology?

A)Pavlov
B)Watson
C)Skinner
D)Rayner

Question 26

What early school of thought in psychology was noted for its emphasis on the unconscious determinants of behavior?

A)structuralism
B)behaviorism
C)Gestalt psychology
D)psychoanalytic theory

Question 27

B.F.Skinner is associated with __________.

A)psychodynamic psychology
B)behaviorism
C)Gestalt psychology
D)existentialism

Question 28

John Watson was a behaviorist who argued that the science of psychology must concern itself only with

A)experiences as whole units.
B)observable events.
C)unconscious mental processes.
D)early childhood experiences.

Question 29

Watson is to behaviorism as _______ is to psychoanalysis.

A)Freud
B)James
C)Skinner
D)Wundt

Question 30

Steve,a college sophomore,is seeing a psychologist because of his intense fear of people.His counselor feels that Steve's fear is a product of unresolved conflicts about his parents,and his childhood experiences with them.Steve's therapist is most characteristic of which school of psychology?

A)behaviorism
B)psychodynamic
C)humanistic
D)Gestalt

Question 31

Behaviorist J.B.Watson objected to early theories of psychology because of their focus on:

A)evolution.
B)science.
C)mental processes.
D)physical processes.

Question 32

The founder of behaviorism is:

A)James.
B)Skinner.
C)Watson.
D)Wundt.

Question 33

The school of thought that became known as behaviorism was founded by __________.

A)Watson
B)Titchener
C)James
D)Wundt

Question 34

Which one of the following psychologists was responsible for originating the behavioral school of psychology?

A)Pavlov
B)Watson
C)Skinner
D)Rayner

Question 35

Humanistic psychologists believe that:

A)humans are basically destructive and must constantly fight negative impulses.
B)psychologists should study only objective events such as stimuli and behaviors.
C)people are basically good and will generally strive to achieve positive social goals.
D)none of the above

Question 36

Watson felt that psychologists should study __________.

A)consciousness
B)observable behavior
C)mental imagery
D)elements of thought

Question 37

For Freud,much of our behavior is controlled by __________.

A)unconscious desires
B)environmental stimuli
C)mental Gestalts
D)mental associations

Question 38

The psychologist John Watson is associated with the _______ school of psychology and argued that psychology must concern itself only with ________.

A)behavioral;behavior
B)behavioral;mental processes
C)cognitive;thought and action
D)cognitive;behavior

Question 39

Psychologists should only study observable behavior,according to __________.

A)Freud
B)Titchener
C)Galton
D)Watson

Question 40

John Watson was the founder of the school of thought that became known as __________.

A)functionalism
B)structuralism
C)behaviorism
D)humanism

Question 41

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)A psychologist is a medical doctor specializing in the treatment of emotional disturbances.
B)A psychiatrist is a medical doctor specializing in the treatment of emotional disturbances.
C)Clinical psychologists treat severe psychological disturbances and psychiatrists treat mild disorders.
D)Both clinical psychologists and psychiatrists can prescribe medications to their patients.

Question 42

As part of an assignment,Rick's class was asked to complete an anonymous questionnaire on female sexual harassment.Which research method was Rick's professor using?

A)field experiment
B)survey
C)naturalistic observation
D)laboratory experiment

Question 43

A weakness of ________ is that subjects participating in the research often report,consciously and unconsciously,inaccurate information.

A)naturalistic observation
B)surveys
C)field experiments
D)laboratory experiments

Question 44

Research in which a carefully selected group of people is asked a set of predetermined questions in interviews or through questionnaires is known as __________.

A)correlational research
B)case study research
C)survey research
D)experimental research

Question 45

As part of an assignment,Bill's class was asked to complete an anonymous questionnaire on prejudice.Which research method was Bill's professor using?

A)field experiment
B)survey
C)naturalistic observation
D)laboratory experiment

Question 46

Cognitive psychologists are concerned with the scientific study of __________.

A)reinforcement
B)alienation and apathy
C)mental processes
D)self-actualization

Question 47

Political polls taken before major elections are examples of __________ research.

A)correlational
B)experimental
C)case study
D)survey

Question 48

When you watch dogs play in the park or watch how your professors conduct their classes,you are engaging in a form of __________.

A)case study research
B)survey research
C)naturalistic observation
D)psychometric study

Question 49

The degree of relationship between two or more variables is __________.

A)correlation
B)validity
C)reliability
D)a hypothesis

Question 50

A subset of cases selected from a larger population is a __________.

A)control group
B)target group
C)treatment group
D)sample

Question 51

A research method in which the real-life behavior of a pre-selected person or a group is studied at an in-depth level for some time through the use of observation,interviews,and writings (such as letters)is the _____________ method of research.

A)survey
B)psychometric
C)case study
D)naturalistic observation

Question 52

A detailed,well-researched biography of a famous historical person is technically an example of the __________ method of research.

A)psychometric
B)naturalistic observation
C)case study
D)correlational

Question 53

Observing behavior as it happens in real-life natural settings without imposing laboratory controls is known as the __________.

A)naturalistic observation method
B)experimental method
C)correlational method
D)psychometric approach

Question 54

A large group of people whom you want to know about is called a __________.

A)control group
B)treatment group
C)population
D)sample

Question 55

Almost all research done in psychology is analyzed ________.

A)visually
B)using correlational techniques
C)statistically
D)at the .1 level

Question 56

As part of an assignment,Bill's class was asked to complete an anonymous questionnaire on sexual discrimination.Which research method was Bill's professor using?

A)field experiment
B)survey
C)naturalistic observation
D)laboratory experiment

Question 57

One of the main reasons for using a laboratory for psychological research is to:

A)prevent subjects from escaping.
B)study behavior in a natural setting.
C)do large-scale studies.
D)allow the researchers to control certain factors.

Question 58

Collecting objective data without interference in the subject's normal environment is associated with ________.

A)survey research
B)applied research
C)laboratory research
D)naturalistic observation

Question 59

Psychologists use research techniques based on __________.

A)inductive reasoning
B)objective introspection
C)deductive reasoning
D)the scientific method

Question 60

A researcher wished to study the relationship between high school grades and college grades.Of the following research methods,which would be the most appropriate?

A)case study
B)correlation
C)experiment
D)survey

Question 61

In an experiment,a researcher manipulates one variable to see how it affects a second variable.The manipulated variable is called the __________.

A)dependent variable
B)control variable
C)independent variable
D)hypothetical variable

Question 62

The method of psychological research which utilizes a control group,a dependent variable,and an independent variable is

A)the experiment.
B)the survey.
C)the case study.
D)naturalistic observation.

Question 63

The process of establishing causal relationships is associated most with:

A)naturalistic observation.
B)experiments.
C)correlation.
D)surveys.

Question 64

A researcher,based on her review of relevant scientific studies,believes that there is a relationship between the frequency of a baby's crying and whether it was nursed at set intervals or on a demand schedule.If this belief were tested by experimentally manipulating feeding schedules,the feeding schedule would be called the:

A)independent variable.
B)dependent variable.
C)extraneous variable.
D)control factors.

Question 65

A researcher tests the hypothesis that students who study in the room where they take their tests will perform better on the tests than students who study in other rooms.She requires one group to study in the classroom where the exam is given and another group to study in the library.All students take the test in the classroom,and their test performance is compared.In this example,where students study is the:

A)independent variable.
B)dependent variable.
C)manipulation.
D)hypothesis.

Question 66

Which of the following is a strength of experiments?

A)They cannot be repeated by anyone other than the experimenter.
B)They allow for the establishment of cause-effect relationships.
C)They are not subject to demand characteristics since the subjects do not know they are being observed.
D)They allow us to draw definitive conclusions about behavior in the natural environment based on subjects' behavior in the laboratory.

Question 67

As children grow older,their discretionary income usually increases.The best conclusion to draw about the variables age and income are that they are:

A)causally related
B)uncorrelated
C)negatively correlated
D)positively correlated

Question 68

A psychologist uses the correlational method to _________.

A)explain the effects of one variable on another
B)compare two groups of subjects
C)determine what causes a variable to change
D)identify relationships between variables

Question 69

A correlation of .00 means:

A)you made a mistake in calculation.
B)you did not find out anything about the relationship between the two variables.
C)the two variables are unrelated.
D)everyone who scored low on one variable scored high on the other variable,and vice versa.

Question 70

A correlation tells us:

A)whether a cause-effect relationship exists.
B)whether two variables are related
C)whether or not a test is efficient.
D)if people are responding to demand characteristics.

Question 71

In an experiment on the effects of level of motivation on the performance of typists,the researcher randomly assigned one third of her subjects to each of three levels of motivation (and then induced different levels of motivation in the three groups).She measured the average words typed per minute by each group,and found that performance was highest under medium motivation,average under low motivation,and worst under high motivation.What was the independent variable in this experiment?

A)motivation
B)typing speed
C)variation in typing speed
D)manipulation of typing speed

Question 72

To determine if sugar-rich diets affect hyperactivity in kids,a researcher prepared two daily menus that children would receive for a 30-day period.A high-sugar diet was given to the boys,while the girls had a menu that seemed identical but was not a high sugar diet.At the end of 30 days,the boys and girls were evaluated to determine their levels of hyperactivity.In the study,the high-sugar diet is the ________.

A)placebo
B)independent variable
C)dependent variable
D)control group

Question 73

A psychologist wanted to see if people are more prone to seek the company of others when anxious than when calm.He randomly assigned half of his subjects to an anxiety group and then told them that,as part of the study,they would receive electric shocks.He did not frighten the other group of subjects.Finally,he recorded how many subjects in each group chose to be "tested" in a group setting and how many chose to be "tested" alone.What was the independent variable in this study?

A)tendency to desire the company of others
B)level of shock
C)level of anxiety
D)the anxious group

Question 74

Cause-and-effect conclusions can be drawn from the results of an experiment because:

A)it is almost always performed in a laboratory setting.
B)statistical analysis can be applied to data from an experiment.
C)the independent variable is manipulated while other possible causes of change in the dependent variable are held constant.
D)several groups of subjects,not just one sample,are typically investigated in a laboratory experiment.

Question 75

The greatest disadvantage of correlation is:

A)it has a limited range of values,being only -1 to +1.
B)it does not enable cause-and-effect conclusions.
C)its value can be negative.
D)its value can be zero.

Question 76

If explanation of the causes of thoughts,feelings,and behavior is a psychologist's goal,then the __________ method of research should be used.

A)correlational
B)experimental
C)survey
D)naturalistic observation

Question 77

The purpose of an experiment is to discover whether there is a relationship between the ___________ and the ___________.

A)independent variable;control variable
B)dependent variable;control variable
C)control group;experimental group
D)independent variable;dependent variable

Question 78

The survey method of research is ___________ in nature.

A)correlational
B)experimental
C)field experimental
D)both correlational and field experimental group

Question 79

A researcher,based on her review of relevant scientific studies,believes that there is a relationship between the frequency of a baby's crying and whether it was nursed at set intervals or on a demand schedule.If this belief were tested by experimentally manipulating feeding schedules,frequency of crying would be called the:

A)latent factor.
B)dependent variable.
C)independent variable.
D)control factor.

Question 80

In an experiment,a researcher manipulates one variable to see how it affects a second variable.The manipulated variable is called the:

A)dependent variable.
B)experimental variable.
C)independent variable.
D)placebo.