Deck 11: Theories of Personality and Intelligence

Question 1

Six-year-old Suzie sees her younger brother approaching with the new toy he received for his birthday.Suzie suddenly decides she wants the toy,so she pushes her brother to the ground,grabs his toy,and rushes into the next room to play with it.During this situation,the part of Suzie's personality which is most likely in control is her _______.

A)conscious
B)superego
C)ego
D)id

Answer 1

id

Question 2

What did Freud call the part of the personality that learns that we will be happier if we postpone gratification?

A)id
B)ego
C)authentic self
D)superego

Answer 2

ego

Question 3

Sally has a desire to eat a steak with a baked potato smothered with butter and sour cream.One component of her personality tells her,because she is overweight,that instead of eating the meal,she should fast and direct her efforts to ending world hunger.Another component suggests that it would be better to eat a salad and a bran muffin,then run two miles.The fasting suggestion most likely was made by which component of personality?

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)oral

Answer 3

superego

Question 4

John dreamed that he was in a train that entered a tunnel.If a psychologist believed that the dream expressed John's unconscious sexual desires,the psychologist would likely be a _________.

A)humanist
B)learning theorist
C)personologist
D)psychoanalyst

Question 5

According to psychoanalytic theory,the _______ is the most basic personality system.

A)preconscious
B)ego
C)id
D)superego

Question 6

Which structure of personality houses one's instincts,according to Freud?

A)ego-ideal
B)ego
C)id
D)superego

Question 7

The pleasure principle is to the reality principle as the _______ is to the _______.

A)ego;id
B)id;ego
C)ego;superego
D)id;superego

Question 8

What did Freud call the part of the personality that had to be socialized by parents?

A)id
B)ego
C)authentic self
D)superego

Question 9

_______ is a unique set of behaviors and enduring qualities that influence the way a person adapts to her/his environment.

A)Instinct
B)Personality
C)Trait
D)Motivation

Question 10

That part of the personality which operates on the reality principle is the _______.

A)superego
B)ego
C)id
D)eros

Question 11

The part of personality,according to Freud,that seeks to avoid pain is the ________.

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)ego-ideal

Question 12

Which aspect of the mind held the greatest fascination for Freud?

A)the preconscious mind
B)the conscious area
C)suppressions
D)the unconscious

Question 13

Pleasure principle is to _______ as reality principle is to _______.

A)id;superego
B)superego;id
C)id;ego
D)ego;id

Question 14

Joe seems to be constantly condemning himself for being bad and "sinful." In psychoanalytic terms,we would say that Joe has an overdeveloped _______.

A)libido
B)id
C)ego
D)superego

Question 15

The id is that part of the personality which operates according to the:

A)pleasure principle.
B)superego.
C)rules of reality.
D)past experiences of the individual.

Question 16

According to Freud,the _______ makes up the largest part of our personality.

A)preconscious
B)conscious
C)unconscious
D)These three areas contribute equally to personality.

Question 17

The pattern of characteristic thoughts,feelings,and behaviors that persists over time and situations and distinguishes one person from another is called ____________________.

A)a trait
B)a habit
C)personality
D)learning

Question 18

Which statement about the id is most accurate?

A)It is in close contact with bodily needs.
B)It follows the reality principle.
C)It houses the conscience.
D)It drives us to live up to our ideals.

Question 19

The pattern of characteristic thoughts,feelings,and behaviors that persists over time and situations and distinguishes one person from another is called _______.

A)a trait.
B)an emotional profile.
C)personality.
D)the primary process.

Question 20

According to Freud,_______ is the basic motivation for all human behavior.

A)instinct
B)the striving for self-actualization
C)the need to know
D)the desire to become superior

Question 21

A college professor continually implies that his students are intellectually inferior.Which of the following defense mechanisms is this professor likely using?

A)projection
B)denial
C)reaction formation
D)sublimation

Question 22

The fundamental or most basic defense mechanism is _______.

A)rationalization
B)repression
C)denial
D)projection

Question 23

The old adage,"Everyone is queer but me and thee," illustrates the defense mechanism of _______.

A)displacement
B)undoing
C)projection
D)reaction formation

Question 24

Freud asserted that ________ lay at the core of his patients' neurotic behavior.

A)low self-esteem
B)casual attitudes toward sex
C)repressed sexual desires
D)cultural bias

Question 25

Jane is an angry,hostile woman.At work and in her personal life,she is described as energetic go-getter because she is a workaholic and does a great deal and does a great deal of volunteer work for abused children and women.Jane's behavior may be an example of which defense mechanism?

A)sublimation
B)displacement
C)reaction formation
D)projection

Question 26

Which of the following gives the stages of development outlined by Freud in the order in which they occur?

A)anal,oral,latency,phallic,genital
B)anal,latency,oral,phallic,genital
C)oral,anal,phallic,latency,genital
D)oral,anal,latency,phallic,genital

Question 27

According to Freud,an inadequate resolution of the Oedipus Complex leads to:

A)child molestation.
B)a high regard for women.
C)a personality that is reckless and self-assured.
D)love of nature.

Question 28

"I didn't get the job even though I was the most qualified applicant because the company has to hire a minority worker." This probably illustrates which defense mechanism?

A)rationalization
B)denial
C)repression
D)projection

Question 29

Anna is a morally rigorous person who demands that her daughter remain a virgin until she is married.Anna cannot remember her own premarital sexual encounters.Which defense mechanism would likely account for this memory lapse?

A)rationalization
B)denial
C)repression
D)projection

Question 30

Behaving in ways that are the opposite of what one would unconsciously like to do defines _______.

A)sublimation
B)displacement
C)reaction formation
D)projection

Question 31

The correct order of Freud's stages of development is:

A)anal,oral,phallic,genital,latency.
B)oral,anal,genital,phallic,latency.
C)latency,oral,anal,phallic,genital.
D)oral,anal,phallic,latency,genital.

Question 32

An orally fixated person would most likely:

A)be an only child.
B)dislike his or her father.
C)be a sloppy dresser.
D)eat and smoke a great deal.

Question 33

Identifying with one's opposite-sex parent occurs in which psychosexual stage?

A)oral
B)anal
C)phallic
D)genital

Question 34

The superego is that part of the personality which represents the _______.

A)pleasure principle
B)reality principle
C)thanatos
D)conscience

Question 35

Which of the following Freudian concepts motivates us to better ourselves and live up to our ideals?

A)id
B)ego
C)reality principle
D)superego

Question 36

Sheila was upset by her boss,so she goes home and beats her children,who,in turn,kick the dog.This episode is an example of _______.

A)displacement
B)undoing
C)projection
D)reaction formation

Question 37

If a person becomes a Catholic priest or nun because of latent homosexual desires,their occupational choice might represent which defense mechanism?

A)sublimation
B)displacement
C)reaction formation
D)projection

Question 38

Picasso's paintings often contained exaggerated sexual symbolism.This way of expressing a basic impulse in a socially praiseworthy fashion illustrates the use of _______.

A)displacement
B)sublimation
C)projection
D)reaction formation

Question 39

Which component of personality mediates between the forces of desire and reality on a moral basis?

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)ego-ideal

Question 40

What did Freud call the part of the personality that begins to develop at about age five?

A)id
B)ego
C)authentic self
D)superego

Question 41

Which of the following is the most criticized and least empirically supported of Freud's ideas?

A)superego
B)ego
C)latency period
D)Oedipus and Electra complexes

Question 42

According to Bill's psychoanalyst,he was traumatized during the anal stage of his psychosexual development,which accounts for Bill's tightwad habits.Which of the following would be Freud's term for Bill's behavior?

A)anal retentive
B)anal expulsive
C)parsimonious
D)serendipitous

Question 43

The most famous humanistic psychologist was _______.

A)Rogers
B)Skinner
C)Maslow
D)Adler

Question 44

The process of toilet training occurs during the _______ stage.

A)phallic
B)oral
C)anal
D)genital

Question 45

___________________theory emphasizes that humans are positively motivated and progress toward higher levels of functioning.

A)Humanistic
B)Psychoanalytic
C)Social learning
D)Trait

Question 46

One of the most serious criticisms of psychoanalytic theory is its:

A)reliance on tests.
B)lack of flexibility.
C)unrealistic optimism.
D)use of after-the-fact explanations.

Question 47

Name the theory that emphasizes the concept that humans are positively motivated and progress toward higher levels of functioning:

A)Humanistic
B)Psychoanalytic
C)Social learning
D)Trait

Question 48

The latency period lasts from _______ years of age.

A)1-3
B)3-6
C)6-12
D)12-18

Question 49

The stage of personality development which lasts from about age 6 until puberty is known as the _______ stage.

A)phallic
B)anal
C)genital
D)latency

Question 50

One of the most serious criticisms of psychoanalytic theory is its:

A)reliance on tests.
B)lack of flexibility.
C)unrealistic optimism.
D)use of after-the-fact explanations.

Question 51

Four-year-old Kevin is in love with his mother,and wants very much to get rid of his father so that he can have his mother all to himself.According to Freud,Kevin is undergoing:

A)a regression.
B)the genital stage.
C)an Oedipus complex.
D)all of the above

Question 52

According to Jung's psychoanalytic theory,each of us has ________,which are inherited predispositions to respond to certain concepts.

A)drive
B)instincts
C)archetypes
D)archegos

Question 53

Adler believed that people often are motivated by __________.

A)feelings of inferiority
B)sexual instincts
C)their locus of control
D)traumatic events during childhood

Question 54

Maria takes good notes in class.Whenever someone who has missed class due to illness asks her if he can copy her notes,she grips them tightly and says "No! They're mine,and I don't wish to share them." A psychoanalytic theorist would probably contend that Maria has a(n)_______ fixation.

A)oral
B)anal
C)phallic
D)genital

Question 55

According to Jung,our repressed thoughts,undeveloped ideas,and forgotten experiences are contained in the ____________________.

A)persona
B)archetype
C)personal unconscious
D)collective unconscious

Question 56

Erikson stresses the quality of _______ in personality development.

A)sexual motives
B)stimulus motives
C)primary-process thinking
D)parent-child relationships

Question 57

The Oedipus and Electra complexes occur during the _______ stage.

A)anal
B)phallic
C)oral
D)latency

Question 58

Individual memory is to preconscious as ancestral memory is to ________.

A)unconscious
B)personal unconscious
C)ego
D)collective unconscious

Question 59

"Becoming what one ought to be" is one way to define _______.

A)peak experience
B)self-actualization
C)achievement potential
D)self concept

Question 60

In Adler's theory,_______ is the energy behind personality and ________ represents form of personality.

A)style of life;striving for superiority
B)libido;eros
C)instinct;reality
D)striving for superiority;style of life

Question 61

Which type of standardized test presents ambiguous stimuli?

A)MMPI-2
B)CPI
C)Rorschach
D)TAT

Question 62

The success of an interview depends largely on _______.

A)the care with which the questions are prepared
B)luck
C)the skill of the interviewer
D)whether the subject likes being interviewed

Question 63

On Monday,Sal took a test developed to measure levels of sensation seeking and obtained a score of 13;he took the same test one week later and obtained the same score.Based on this information,you can most accurately conclude that the test is likely to be:

A)standardized.
B)reliable.
C)valid.
D)normed.

Question 64

Jamie is a joiner.She is interested in other people and events going on around her in the world.In Jung's view,she is an ___________________.

A)archetype
B)endomorph
C)intravert
D)extravert

Question 65

When a test actually measures what it is supposed to measure,the test has _______.

A)reliability
B)discriminative power
C)statistical power
D)validity

Question 66

When later questions are developed "on the spot" based on a respondent's previous answers,the researcher is using which method?

A)behavioral assessment
B)unstructured interview
C)structured interview
D)projective technique

Question 67

Which of the following believes humans have a natural motivation to reach their highest potential?

A)Maslow
B)Skinner
C)Adler
D)Jung

Question 68

Which of the following tests has a respondent construct a story about a picture?

A)MMPI-2
B)CPI
C)Rorschach
D)TAT

Question 69

Consistency of measurement is indicative of the _______ of a test.

A)validity
B)difficulty
C)reliability
D)power

Question 70

The push toward fulfillment of our inborn capacities and potentialities is what Rogers calls the _______.

A)primary process
B)compensatory process
C)actualizing tendency
D)need for achievement

Question 71

Which personality tests rely on the interpretation of inkblots to understand personality?

A)MMPI-2
B)TAT
C)16PF
D)Rorschach

Question 72

Unconditional positive regard is most important to _______.

A)Freud
B)Jung
C)Maslow
D)Rogers

Question 73

A valid test is one that __________.

A)produces consistent results
B)has split-half reliability
C)actually measures what it sets out to measure
D)has a correlation coefficient of .50

Question 74

To assess personality,behaviorists prefer _______.

A)observation
B)interviews
C)objective tests
D)projective tests

Question 75

There is a relationship between reliability and validity.Which of the following is true?

A)A test cannot be valid unless it is reliable.
B)A test cannot be reliable unless it is valid.
C)A test can be valid but not reliable.
D)Reliability and validity are not related.

Question 76

Which of the following is NOT one of the four basic types of tools used by psychologists to measure personality?

A)personal interview
B)objective tests
C)projective tests
D)aptitude tests

Question 77

Which of the following,according to Rogers,is MOST likely to become a fully functioning person?

A)someone with a strongly developed superego
B)someone with an extroverted personality
C)someone brought up with conditional positive regard
D)someone brought up with unconditional positive regard

Question 78

According to Rogers,all people have a need for:

A)superiority.
B)sex and aggression.
C)positive regard.
D)anxiety reduction.

Question 79

A psychological test that measures what we intend it to measure is said to be

A)valid.
B)normed.
C)standardized.
D)reliable.

Question 80

According to Rogers,people brought up with conditional positive regard _______.

A)tend to be vain and narcissistic
B)tend to act as if they were orally fixated
C)feel valued regardless of their attitudes and behaviors
D)live lives directed toward what others want and value