Question 1

A person's responses to a projective test are thought to reflect ____________.&#10;A)current events&#10;B)daydreaming themes&#10;C)maladaptive patterns of behavior&#10;D)unconscious thoughts and feelings

Accepted Answer

Projective tests are designed to tap into a person's unconscious thoughts and feelings, so their responses are thought to reflect these hidden aspects of the individual's psyche rather than current events, daydreaming themes, or maladaptive patterns of behavior.

Question 2

In Sigmund Freud's theory,the _______ operates according to the pleasure principle.&#10;A)id&#10;B)ego&#10;C)thanatos&#10;D)superego

Accepted Answer

According to Freud's theory, the id is the most primitive and instinctual part of the mind, and operates according to the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification of basic needs and desires without regard for consequences or morality.

Question 3

Your teacher organizes a debate on Freudian theory.You are assigned to be on the anti-Freud side and,therefore,must point out problems in the theory.Which of the following will be at the top of your list?

A)Children do not have sexual motives.
B)Psychodynamic concepts are difficult to test.
C)Defense mechanisms actually increase anxiety.
D)Psychoanalytic therapy is effective for treating psychotics only.

Accepted Answer

Psychodynamic concepts, such as the Oedipus complex and the unconscious, are difficult to test empirically, making it hard to scientifically validate Freudian theory.

Question 4

Carl Rogers believed people question themselves and experience negative effects on their self-concept when they receive ______.&#10;A)conditional esteem&#10;B)unconditional esteem&#10;C)conditional positive regard&#10;D)unconditional positive regard

Accepted Answer

Carl Rogers believed that people experience negative effects on their self-concept when they receive conditional positive regard, which is approval and acceptance based on meeting certain expectations or conditions. On the other hand, unconditional positive regard, which is accepting and valuing a person without any conditions or expectations, is believed to promote positive self-concept and personal growth. Therefore, choice C, conditional positive regard, is the best answer.

Question 5

According to Hofstede's dimensions of cultural personality,cultures that are __________ are assertive and competitive.&#10;A)collectivistic&#10;B)masculine&#10;C)high in power distance&#10;D)high in uncertainty avoidance

Accepted Answer

According to Hofstede's dimensions, cultures that are high in masculinity tend to value assertiveness, competitiveness, and achievement. Therefore, option B is the correct answer. Collectivism refers to the degree to which individuals prioritize the group over the individual, power distance refers to the degree to which individuals accept and expect unequal distribution of power, and uncertainty avoidance refers to the degree to which individuals are comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty.

Question 6

Which of the following is correct concerning cross-cultural studies on trait theories?&#10;A)No evidence has been found to support these theories.&#10;B)Research in this area is too new to report any findings.&#10;C)Evidence for the five trait dimensions has been found in several cultures.&#10;D)Most cultural research methods are too vague to be validated.

Accepted Answer

Evidence for the five trait dimensions (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism) has been found in several cultures, suggesting that these traits may be universal. However, there is still debate about whether there may be culture-specific differences in the expression or importance of these traits. Option A is incorrect as there is evidence to support trait theories. Option B is incorrect as research in this area has been ongoing for decades. Option D is incorrect as there are validated cultural research methods available for studying personality.

Question 7

The age at which a baby was weaned would have most impact on the ____ stage.&#10;A)oral&#10;B)anal&#10;C)phallic&#10;D)genital

Accepted Answer

The oral stage in Freud's psychosexual development theory focuses on the mouth as the primary erogenous zone and feeding as the primary source of pleasure. Weaning, or the transition from breast milk or formula to solid foods, occurs during this stage and can have a significant impact on a child's experience of pleasure and frustration related to feeding. If a baby is weaned too early or too late, it can result in fixation at the oral stage and potentially impact later personality development. Therefore, the age at which a baby is weaned would most impact the oral stage.

Question 8

Freud believed that the _____________ was the most important determining factor in human behavior and personality.&#10;A)id&#10;B)preconscious mind&#10;C)manifest awareness&#10;D)unconscious mind

Accepted Answer

Freud believed that the unconscious mind, which contains repressed memories, desires, and instincts, was the primary driving force behind human behavior and personality. He believed that these hidden forces could manifest themselves in various ways, including dreams, slips of the tongue, and other forms of symbolic expression. The id, which represents our most basic drives and instincts, is one aspect of the unconscious, but Freud believed that the unconscious was much broader than just the id.

Question 9

_____________ theory is called the third force in personality theory.&#10;A)Psychoanalytic&#10;B)Behaviorist&#10;C)Cognitive&#10;D)Humanistic

Accepted Answer

The humanistic theory is called the third force in personality theory, as it emerged as a response to the limitations of the two prevailing theories at the time: psychoanalytic and behaviorist.

Question 10

As part of an application for a job,Dan is asked to complete some psychological tests including one in which he responds true or false to items such as "I feel sad most of the time," or "I had a good childhood." What type of psychological test is Dan taking?

A)a behavioral log
B)the TAT
C)a projective test
D)an inventory

Accepted Answer

Dan is taking an inventory, also known as a self-report questionnaire, where he is asked to provide information about himself by responding to a series of statements (in this case, true or false). Inventories are a type of objective psychological test that measure a specific construct, such as depression or personality traits. Examples of inventories include the Beck Depression Inventory and the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. The other options (A, B, and C) do not match the description of the test Dan is taking. A behavioral log is a record of a person's behaviors over time, the TAT is a projective test that involves creating stories about ambiguous pictures, and a projective test involves responding to ambiguous stimuli to reveal unconscious thoughts or feelings.

Deck 13: B: Theories of Personality