Question 1

The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus is called _____________.&#10;A)stimulus generalization&#10;B)stimulus adaptation&#10;C)response generalization&#10;D)transfer of habit strength

Accepted Answer

Stimulus generalization is the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus, meaning that the individual's response is generalized to stimuli that resemble the original conditioned stimulus.

Question 2

An example of a discriminative stimulus might be a ________________.&#10;A)stop sign&#10;B)the stimulus that acts as a UCS in classical conditioning&#10;C)the white rat in Watson's Little Albert study of producing phobias&#10;D)none of these

Accepted Answer

A discriminative stimulus is a stimulus that signals when a behavior will or will not be reinforced. In this case, a stop sign is a clear example of a discriminative stimulus as it signals to drivers that they must stop their vehicle or potentially receive a consequence (e.g. a ticket or accident).

Question 3

Al must build 25 radios before he receives $20.What schedule of reinforcement is being used?&#10;A)a variable-ratio schedule&#10;B)a fixed-ratio schedule&#10;C)a fixed-interval schedule&#10;D)a continuous schedule

Accepted Answer

In a fixed-ratio schedule, reinforcement is delivered after a fixed number of responses. In this case, Al is only rewarded after completing a fixed number of radios (25), making it a fixed-ratio schedule.

Question 4

Learning that takes place without actual performance (a kind of latent learning)is called _____________.&#10;A)the learning/performance distinction&#10;B)the innate performance preference&#10;C)the delayed learning paradigm&#10;D)the observational delay effect

Accepted Answer

The learning/performance distinction refers to the concept that learning can take place without actual performance. This is often referred to as latent learning, where learning occurs but is not immediately demonstrated in behavior or performance.

Question 5

Learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than to the original,natural stimulus is called ________________.&#10;A)classical conditioning&#10;B)operant conditioning&#10;C)memory linkage&#10;D)adaptation

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with a natural, unconditioned stimulus in order to produce a response. The response eventually becomes associated with the neutral stimulus alone, allowing for a reflex response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus. Operant conditioning involves learning to associate behaviors with consequences, while memory linkage and adaptation are not related to this type of learning.

Question 6

Rescorla's modern conceptualization of classical conditioning is based on the idea that ______________.&#10;A)the CS substitutes for the UCS&#10;B)there is a biological readiness for conditioning to occur between the CS and UCS&#10;C)the CS has to provide information about the coming of the UCS&#10;D)reinforcement must occur by providing a pleasant event

Accepted Answer

Rescorla's modern conceptualization of classical conditioning is based on the idea that the CS has to provide information about the coming of the UCS. He emphasized the role of contingency, meaning the predictive relationship between the CS and UCS, as the critical factor for conditioning to occur. In other words, the CS must reliably signal the occurrence of the UCS for learning to take place. This differs from older conceptualizations that focused on the CS substituting for the UCS or on species-specific predispositions for conditioning.

Question 7

A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research on ______.&#10;A)classical conditioning&#10;B)operant conditioning&#10;C)vicarious learning&#10;D)cognitive learning

Accepted Answer

A Skinner box, also known as an operant conditioning chamber, is specifically designed for research on operant conditioning, which is a type of learning in which behavior is shaped by its consequences. Classical conditioning, vicarious learning, and cognitive learning are different types of learning that typically do not involve the use of a Skinner box.

Question 8

College students faced with unsolvable problems eventually give up and make only half?hearted attempts to solve new problems,even when the new problems can be solved easily.This behavior is probably due to ______.

A)learned helplessness
B)contingency blocking
C)latent learning
D)response generalization

Accepted Answer

The described behavior is consistent with learned helplessness, which is the tendency to give up and stop trying to solve problems when previous attempts have been unsuccessful. This can generalize to other situations, even when success is possible. Contingency blocking, latent learning, and response generalization do not fully account for this particular behavior.

Question 9

Neurofeedback,a newer type of biofeedback,involves trying to change ____________.&#10;A)brain wave activity&#10;B)blood pressure&#10;C)heart rate&#10;D)body temperature

Accepted Answer

Neurofeedback specifically focuses on changing brain wave activity, which is measured using EEG (electroencephalography) sensors. It involves receiving feedback about one's brain activity and learning to control and modify it through various techniques such as visualization and mindfulness practices. Blood pressure, heart rate, and body temperature are not the main targets of neurofeedback training.

Question 10

Observational learning theory's foremost proponent is ______.&#10;A)Watson&#10;B)Thorndike&#10;C)Skinner&#10;D)Bandura

Accepted Answer

Observational learning theory is also known as social learning theory and was proposed by Albert Bandura.

Deck 5: B: Learning