Deck 13: C: Theories of Personality

Question 1

Carl Jung stressed the ___________________ of people.

A)sexual instincts
B)learned motives
C)spiritual qualities
D)primary drives

Answer 1

spiritual qualities

Question 2

An individual's personality,as well as situational variables,will determine that person's _______.

A)behavior
B)predispositions
C)uniqueness
D)all of the above

Answer 2

behavior

Question 3

Jamie is a joiner.She is interested in other people and events going on around her in the world.In Jung's view,she is an ___________________.

A)archetype
B)endomorph
C)introvert
D)extrovert

Answer 3

extrovert

Question 4

Adler believed that people often are motivated by __________.

A)feelings of inferiority
B)sexual instincts
C)their locus of control
D)traumatic events during childhood

Question 5

According to the Highlight article,Freud asserted that ________ lay at the core of his patients' neurotic behavior.

A)low self-esteem
B)casual attitudes toward sex
C)repressed sexual desires
D)cultural bias

Question 6

The view that personality results from struggles between opposites within each of us is an assumption of which of the following?

A)Jung
B)Adler
C)Maslow
D)Mischel

Question 7

The pattern of characteristic thoughts,feelings,and behaviors that persists over time and situations and distinguishes one person from another is called ____________________.

A)a trait
B)a habit
C)personality
D)learning

Question 8

John dreamed that he was in a train that entered a tunnel.If a psychologist believed that the dream expressed John's unconscious sexual desires,the psychologist would likely be a _________.

A)humanist
B)learning theorist
C)personologist
D)psychoanalyst

Question 9

Sally has a desire to eat a steak with a baked potato smothered with butter and sour cream.One component of her personality tells her,because she is overweight,that instead of eating the meal,she should fast and direct her efforts to ending world hunger.Another component suggests that it would be better to eat a salad and a bran muffin,then run two miles.The fasting suggestion most likely was made by which component of personality?

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)oral

Question 10

Steve has an overriding need to submit to others and feels safe only when receiving their guidance and protection.Horney would label him a ____________________ type.

A)detached
B)compliant
C)recessive
D)dominant

Question 11

According to Jung,our repressed thoughts,undeveloped ideas,and forgotten experiences are contained in the ____________________.

A)persona
B)archetype
C)personal unconscious
D)collective unconscious

Question 12

Which aspect of the mind held the greatest fascination for Freud?

A)the preconscious mind
B)the conscious area
C)suppressions
D)the unconscious

Question 13

According to Bill's psychoanalyst,he was traumatized during the anal stage of his psychosexual development,which accounts for Bill's tightwad habits.Which of the following would be Freud's term for Bill's behavior?

A)anal retentive
B)anal expulsive
C)parsimonious
D)serendipitous

Question 14

The pattern of characteristic thoughts,feelings,and behaviors that persists over time and situations and distinguishes one person from another is called _______.

A)a trait.
B)an emotional profile.
C)personality.
D)the primary process.

Question 15

Individual memory is to preconscious as ancestral memory is to ________.

A)unconscious
B)personal unconscious
C)ego
D)collective unconscious

Question 16

Behavior is influenced by:

A)personality.
B)situational characteristics.
C)individual interpretations of unique situations.
D)all of the above

Question 17

According to Jung's psychoanalytic theory,each of us has ________,which are inherited predispositions to respond to certain concepts.

A)drive
B)instincts
C)archetypes
D)archegos

Question 18

Jane is an angry,hostile woman.At work and in her personal life,she is described as energetic go-getter because she is a workaholic and does a great deal and does a great deal of volunteer work for abused children and women.Jane's behavior may be an example of which defense mechanism?

A)sublimation
B)displacement
C)reaction formation
D)projection

Question 19

_______ is a unique set of behaviors and enduring qualities that influence the way a person adapts to her/his environment.

A)Instinct
B)Personality
C)Trait
D)Motivation

Question 20

In Adler's theory,_______ is the energy behind personality and ________ represents form of personality.

A)style of life;striving for superiority
B)libido;eros
C)instinct;reality
D)striving for superiority;style of life

Question 21

Pleasure principle is to _______ as reality principle is to _______.

A)id;superego
B)superego;id
C)id;ego
D)ego;id

Question 22

Behaving in ways that are the opposite of what one would unconsciously like to do defines _______.

A)sublimation
B)displacement
C)reaction formation
D)projection

Question 23

What did Freud call the part of the personality that begins to develop at about age five?

A)id
B)ego
C)authentic self
D)superego

Question 24

The part of personality,according to Freud,that seeks to avoid pain is the ________.

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)ego-ideal

Question 25

"I didn't get the job even though I was the most qualified applicant because the company has to hire a minority worker." This probably illustrates which defense mechanism?

A)rationalization
B)denial
C)repression
D)projection

Question 26

Anna is a morally rigorous person who demands that her daughter remain a virgin until she is married.Anna cannot remember her own premarital sexual encounters.Which defense mechanism would likely account for this memory lapse?

A)rationalization
B)denial
C)repression
D)projection

Question 27

Which component of personality mediates between the forces of desire and reality on a moral basis?

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)ego-ideal

Question 28

A college professor continually implies that his students are intellectually inferior.Which of the following defense mechanisms is this professor likely using?

A)projection
B)denial
C)reaction formation
D)sublimation

Question 29

The pleasure principle is to the reality principle as the _______ is to the _______.

A)ego;id
B)id;ego
C)ego;superego
D)id;superego

Question 30

The remembered and reported dream was referred to by Freud as:

A)the latent content.
B)conscious association.
C)intellectual content.
D)the manifest content.

Question 31

Which of the following Freudian concepts motivates us to better ourselves and live up to our ideals?

A)id
B)ego
C)reality principle
D)superego

Question 32

If a person becomes a Catholic priest or nun because of latent homosexual desires,their occupational choice might represent which defense mechanism?

A)sublimation
B)displacement
C)reaction formation
D)projection

Question 33

According to Freud,an inadequate resolution of the Oedipus Complex leads to:

A)child molestation.
B)a high regard for women.
C)a personality that is reckless and self-assured.
D)love of nature.

Question 34

Which of the following gives the stages of development outlined by Freud in the order in which they occur?

A)anal,oral,latency,phallic,genital
B)anal,latency,oral,phallic,genital
C)oral,anal,phallic,latency,genital
D)oral,anal,latency,phallic,genital

Question 35

The fundamental or most basic defense mechanism is _______.

A)rationalization
B)repression
C)denial
D)projection

Question 36

Which structure of personality houses one's instincts,according to Freud?

A)ego-ideal
B)ego
C)id
D)superego

Question 37

What did Freud call the part of the personality that learns that we will be happier if we postpone gratification?

A)id
B)ego
C)authentic self
D)superego

Question 38

Identifying with one's opposite-sex parent occurs in which psychosexual stage?

A)oral
B)anal
C)phallic
D)genital

Question 39

Which statement about the id is most accurate?

A)It is in close contact with bodily needs.
B)It follows the reality principle.
C)It houses the conscience.
D)It drives us to live up to our ideals.

Question 40

What did Freud call the part of the personality that had to be socialized by parents?

A)id
B)ego
C)authentic self
D)superego

Question 41

The Oedipus and Electra complexes occur during the _______ stage.

A)anal
B)phallic
C)oral
D)latency

Question 42

A college student takes a lot of psychology courses so that he will be able to talk about his personal psychological problems in a calm,detached,clinical fashion.He is using the defense mechanism of _______.

A)displacement
B)intellectualization
C)projection
D)reaction formation

Question 43

Joe seems to be constantly condemning himself for being bad and "sinful." In psychoanalytic terms,we would say that Joe has an overdeveloped _______.

A)libido
B)id
C)ego
D)superego

Question 44

Which of the following is the most criticized and least empirically supported of Freud's ideas?

A)superego
B)ego
C)latency period
D)Oedipus and Electra complexes

Question 45

One of the most serious criticisms of psychoanalytic theory is its:

A)reliance on tests.
B)lack of flexibility.
C)unrealistic optimism.
D)use of after-the-fact explanations.

Question 46

The id is that part of the personality which operates according to the:

A)pleasure principle.
B)superego.
C)rules of reality.
D)past experiences of the individual.

Question 47

After a brief early commitment to hypnosis as a method of uncovering unconscious material,Freud later developed his psychoanalytic method of:

A)factor analysis.
B)situational determinism.
C)empathy.
D)free association.

Question 48

Maria takes good notes in class.Whenever someone who has missed class due to illness asks her if he can copy her notes,she grips them tightly and says "No! They're mine,and I don't wish to share them." A psychoanalytic theorist would probably contend that Maria has a(n)_______ fixation.

A)oral
B)anal
C)phallic
D)genital

Question 49

The superego is that part of the personality which represents the _______.

A)pleasure principle
B)reality principle
C)thanatos
D)conscience

Question 50

Sheila was upset by her boss,so she goes home and beats her children,who,in turn,kick the dog.This episode is an example of _______.

A)displacement
B)undoing
C)projection
D)reaction formation

Question 51

The old adage,"Everyone is queer but me and thee," illustrates the defense mechanism of _______.

A)displacement
B)undoing
C)projection
D)reaction formation

Question 52

That part of the personality which operates on the reality principle is the _______.

A)superego
B)ego
C)id
D)eros

Question 53

According to psychoanalytic theory,the _______ is the most basic personality system.

A)preconscious
B)ego
C)id
D)superego

Question 54

According to Freud,the _______ makes up the largest part of our personality.

A)preconscious
B)conscious
C)unconscious
D)These three areas contribute equally to personality.

Question 55

Freud developed his theory of personality on the basis of:

A)carefully controlled experiments.
B)systematic observations of children.
C)cross-cultural investigations.
D)case studies of patients.

Question 56

According to Freud,_______ is the basic motivation for all human behavior.

A)instinct
B)the striving for self-actualization
C)the need to know
D)the desire to become superior

Question 57

An orally fixated person would most likely:

A)be an only child.
B)dislike his or her father.
C)be a sloppy dresser.
D)eat and smoke a great deal.

Question 58

Picasso's paintings often contained exaggerated sexual symbolism.This way of expressing a basic impulse in a socially praiseworthy fashion illustrates the use of _______.

A)displacement
B)sublimation
C)projection
D)reaction formation

Question 59

Six-year-old Suzie sees her younger brother approaching with the new toy he received for his birthday.Suzie suddenly decides she wants the toy,so she pushes her brother to the ground,grabs his toy,and rushes into the next room to play with it.During this situation,the part of Suzie's personality which is most likely in control is her _______.

A)conscious
B)superego
C)ego
D)id

Question 60

The process of toilet training occurs during the _______ stage.

A)phallic
B)oral
C)anal
D)genital

Question 61

The push toward fulfillment of our inborn capacities and potentialities is what Rogers calls the _______.

A)primary process
B)compensatory process
C)actualizing tendency
D)need for achievement

Question 62

Carl Rogers,Abraham Maslow,and Rollo May are all _______.

A)behaviorists
B)psychoanalysts
C)humanists
D)cognitivists

Question 63

Audrey is a normal,healthy two-year old.Her main task,according to Erikson,will be to develop a sense of ____________________.

A)trust
B)initiative
C)industry
D)autonomy

Question 64

Jeremy is eighteen years old.According to Erikson,his chief task will be acquiring a sense of _______.

A)trust
B)autonomy
C)initiative
D)identity

Question 65

___________________theory emphasizes that humans are positively motivated and progress toward higher levels of functioning.

A)Humanistic
B)Psychoanalytic
C)Social learning
D)Trait

Question 66

According to Rogers,people brought up with conditional positive regard _______.

A)tend to be vain and narcissistic
B)tend to act as if they were orally fixated
C)feel valued regardless of their attitudes and behaviors
D)live lives directed toward what others want and value

Question 67

Harry goes to a psychologist because he is continually depressed.When he gets to the psychologist's office,he realizes that while he wants to end his depression it will take him far too long to tell the doctor his life story.The psychologist senses Harry's reluctance and decides to administer an objective test to reveal Harry's attitudes and feelings.The doctor administers which of the following tests?

A)MMPI-2
B)TAT
C)16PF
D)Rorschach

Question 68

The most famous humanistic psychologist was _______.

A)Rogers
B)Skinner
C)Maslow
D)Adler

Question 69

Four-year-old Kevin is in love with his mother,and wants very much to get rid of his father so that he can have his mother all to himself.According to Freud,Kevin is undergoing:

A)a regression.
B)the genital stage.
C)an Oedipus complex.
D)all of the above

Question 70

Which of the following believes humans have a natural motivation to reach their highest potential?

A)Maslow
B)Skinner
C)Adler
D)Jung

Question 71

Which of the following,according to Rogers,is MOST likely to become a fully functioning person?

A)someone with a strongly developed superego
B)someone with an extroverted personality
C)someone brought up with conditional positive regard
D)someone brought up with unconditional positive regard

Question 72

Which of the following is NOT a humanist?

A)May
B)Maslow
C)Bandura
D)Rogers

Question 73

Agnes is seventy years old.According to Erikson,her main task will be to develop a sense of _______.

A)identity
B)initiative
C)generativity
D)integrity

Question 74

"Becoming what one ought to be" is one way to define _______.

A)peak experience
B)self-actualization
C)achievement potential
D)self concept

Question 75

_______ name the theory that emphasizes the concept that humans are positively motivated and progress toward higher levels of functioning.

A)Humanistic
B)Psychoanalytic
C)Social learning
D)Trait

Question 76

The correct order of Freud's stages of development is:

A)anal,oral,phallic,genital,latency.
B)oral,anal,genital,phallic,latency.
C)latency,oral,anal,phallic,genital.
D)oral,anal,phallic,latency,genital.

Question 77

Unconditional positive regard is most important to _______.

A)Freud
B)Jung
C)Maslow
D)Rogers

Question 78

Erikson stresses the quality of _______ in personality development.

A)sexual motives
B)stimulus motives
C)primary-process thinking
D)parent-child relationships

Question 79

According to Rogers,all people have a need for:

A)superiority.
B)sex and aggression.
C)positive regard.
D)anxiety reduction.

Question 80

The stage of personality development which lasts from about age 6 until puberty is known as the _______ stage.

A)phallic
B)anal
C)genital
D)latency