Deck 25: Fluid,electrolyte,and Acid-Base Balance

Question 1

With regard to mineral balance,the primary site of ion loss in the body is

A)the epithelial lining of the small intestine and colon.
B)sweat gland secretions.
C)the skeleton.
D)the kidneys.
E)the liver.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Antidiuretic hormone does not

A)inhibit water intake.
B)increase thirst.
C)cause water to shift out of the ICF.
D)increase ECF volume.
E)increase ECF sodium concentration.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which body system is not involved in fluid,electrolyte,and acid-base balance?

A)cardiovascular
B)muscular
C)integumentary
D)endocrine
E)All systems produce metabolic wastes and therefore are involved in fluid and electrolyte balance.

Answer 3

All systems produce metabolic wastes and therefore are involved in fluid and electrolyte balance.

Question 4

The release of natriuretic peptides from the heart will cause the following response

A)decrease of ADH release.
B)increase in aldosterone release.
C)increase in epinephrine.
D)increase in norepinephrine.
E)increase in blood volume.

Question 5

Which hormone stimulates the thirst mechanism?

A)ADH
B)epinephrine
C)aldosterone
D)natriuretic peptides
E)norepinephrine

Question 6

In an adult male,the body consists of about ________ percent water.

A)60
B)90
C)40
D)10
E)80

Question 7

Which of the following is required as a cofactor for hemoglobin synthesis?

A)manganese
B)phosphorus
C)zinc
D)copper
E)None of the answers is correct.

Question 8

With regard to fluid balance,water gains occur primarily in the

A)cardiopulmonary system.
B)digestive tract.
C)kidneys.
D)lungs.
E)liver.

Question 9

Intracellular fluid is found only within

A)blood vessels.
B)lymph.
C)the cells of the body.
D)the interstitial space.
E)the cerebrospinal fluid.

Question 10

When water is lost,but electrolytes are retained,

A)the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid falls.
B)osmosis moves water from the intracellular fluid to the extracellular fluid.
C)both the extracellular fluid and the intracellular fluid become more dilute.
D)there is an increase in the volume of the intracellular fluid.
E)None of the answers is correct.

Question 11

Consuming a meal high in salt will

A)drastically increase the osmolarity of the blood.
B)result in a temporary increase in blood volume.
C)decrease thirst.
D)cause hypotension.
E)decrease renin secretion.

Question 12

Metabolic water is

A)water consumed as liquid.
B)water produced through anabolic processes.
C)water produced through catabolic processes.
D)water consumed in food.
E)the combination of all water consumed per day.

Question 13

The principal cation in cytoplasm is

A)sodium.
B)potassium.
C)calcium.
D)magnesium.
E)chloride.

Question 14

About two-thirds of the body's fluid is within cells and is termed ________ fluid.

A)intracellular
B)intercellular
C)extracellular
D)interstitial
E)vital

Question 15

Which substance plays a central role in determining the rate of sodium reabsorption?

A)ADH
B)aldosterone
C)extracellular fluid
D)natriuretic peptides
E)epinephrine

Question 16

In an adult female,the body consists of about ________ percent water.

A)60
B)50
C)40
D)70
E)80

Question 17

The ions in highest concentration in the extracellular fluid are sodium and

A)chloride.
B)potassium.
C)calcium.
D)magnesium.
E)phosphorus.

Question 18

Increased blood volume will

A)decrease natriuretic peptide release.
B)decrease sodium loss in urine.
C)decrease water loss in urine.
D)decrease thirst.
E)increase aldosterone release.

Question 19

Which hormone(s)is released by cardiac muscle cells in response to increased atrial distension?

A)ADH
B)aldosterone
C)PTH
D)acetylcholine
E)natriuretic peptides

Question 20

Rapid water movement between the extracellular fluid and the intracellular fluid is termed

A)fluid balance.
B)fluid compartmentalization.
C)dehydration.
D)buffering.
E)fluid shift.

Question 21

Which buffers/buffer system exist(s)only in intracellular fluid?

A)plasma protein buffers
B)the hemoglobin buffer system
C)amino acid buffers
D)the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
E)the phosphate buffer system

Question 22

Small amounts of ________ acids are generated during the catabolism of amino acids and compounds that contain phosphate groups

A)fixed
B)organic
C)volatile

Question 23

________ play(s)a key role in maintaining acid-base homeostasis by eliminating carbon dioxide.

A)The respiratory system
B)The urinary system
C)Buffer systems
D)Metabolically active cells
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 24

The hemoglobin buffer system exists in

A)intracellular fluid only.
B)extracellular fluid only.
C)both intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid.

Question 25

All of the following factors are consistent with hypokalemia except

A)decreased aldosterone secretion.
B)overuse of diuretics.
C)kidney failure.
D)reduction in sodium reabsorption.
E)a potassium level above 7 mEq/L.

Question 26

Secretion of potassium into the urine is

A)decreased by aldosterone.
B)associated with the secretion of sodium from the distal tubules and collecting ducts.
C)increased when the exchange pump binds H+.
D)increased by aldosterone.
E)None of the answers is correct.

Question 27

A(n)________ acid is an acid that cannot leave solution and enter the atmosphere.

A)fixed
B)organic
C)volatile
D)weak
E)hydrophobic

Question 28

The amount of potassium excreted by the kidneys is regulated mainly by

A)ADH.
B)aldosterone.
C)parathormone.
D)atrial natriuretic peptides.
E)glucocorticoids.

Question 29

Homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids respond to changes in the

A)intracellular fluid.
B)plasma membrane.
C)extracellular fluid.
D)solid components.
E)cytosol.

Question 30

A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ion is called a(n)

A)electrolyte.
B)acid.
C)alkali.
D)compensation.
E)buffer.

Question 31

Prolonged vomiting can result in

A)respiratory acidosis.
B)respiratory alkalosis.
C)metabolic acidosis.
D)metabolic alkalosis.

Question 32

When the pH rises above 7.45,a state of ________ exists.

A)acidosis
B)alkalosis

Question 33

A(n)________ consists of a combination of a weak acid and its associated anion.

A)water balance
B)exchange pump
C)leak channel
D)fixed acid
E)buffer system

Question 34

Excess hydrogen ion is eliminated from the body largely by

A)sweating.
B)the kidneys.
C)the liver.
D)the feces.
E)buffers.

Question 35

The normal pH range for extracellular fluid is

A)6.95-7.00.
B)7.15-7.25.
C)7.25-7.35.
D)7.35-7.45.
E)7.45-7.55.

Question 36

Normal K⁺ concentration in extracellular fluid is ________ mEq/L.

A)1.5
B)1.5-3.0
C)3.5-5.0
D)5.5-7
E)135

Question 37

When the pH of the extracellular fluid drops,the kidneys

A)excrete more hydrogen ions.
B)excrete more bicarbonate ions.
C)reabsorb bicarbonate ions.
D)excrete more hydrogen ions and excrete more bicarbonate ions.
E)excrete more hydrogen ions and reabsorb bicarbonate ions.

Question 38

A(n)________ acid is an acid that can leave solution and enter the atmosphere.

A)fixed
B)organic
C)volatile
D)weak
E)hydrophobic

Question 39

The primary role of the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to

A)buffer stomach acid.
B)buffer carbonic acid formed by carbon dioxide.
C)limit pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids.
D)buffer the urine.
E)increase ventilation.

Question 40

When the blood pH falls below 7.35,________ results.

A)acidemia
B)alkalemia

Question 41

Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory alkalosis?

A)consequence of hyperventilation,for example in fever or mental illness
B)consequence of prolonged vomiting
C)consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation,for example due to COPD
D)consequence of tissue hypoxia,for example in ischemic conditions

Question 42

Identify routes of fluid loss from the body.

A)Water can be lost during the production of saliva and gastric secretions,and by urination and in feces.
B)Water can be lost during anabolism,and in the production of bile and gastric secretions.
C)Water can be lost during urination,evaporation at skin and lungs,and in feces.
D)Water can be lost during catabolism and anabolism.
E)Water can be lost during catabolism,by evaporation at skin and lungs,and by urination.

Question 43

Identify the electrolytes absorbed by active transport.

A)sodium,calcium,magnesium,iron,phosphate,and sulfate
B)potassium,chloride,iron,and iodide
C)hydrogen,bicarbonate,sulfate,and potassium
D)chloride,iodide,and nitrate
E)zinc,copper,chloride,and calcium

Question 44

Explain dehydration and its effect on the osmotic concentration of blood.

A)Dehydration occurs when water gains outpace water losses causing the osmotic concentration of blood plasma to decrease.
B)Dehydration occurs when water losses outpace water gain causing the osmotic concentration of blood plasma to decrease.
C)Dehydration occurs when water gains outpace water losses causing the osmotic concentration of blood plasma to increase.
D)Dehydration occurs when water losses outpace water gain causing the osmotic concentration of blood plasma to increase.
E)Dehydration occurs when water losses equal water gains but the osmotic concentration of the ICF increases.

Question 45

What is the primary challenge to acid-base homeostasis?

A)The primary challenge is the difficulty exhaling CO₂ causing accumulation of acid.
B)The primary challenge is that buffer systems only work within tissues not in the blood plasma.
C)The primary challenge is that blood pH must be maintained at exactly 7.0.
D)The primary challenge is that the body generates a variety of acids during normal metabolic operations causing a decrease in pH.
E)The primary challenge is that only the lungs can increase pH.

Question 46

Define hypokalemia and hyperkalemia.

A)Hypokalemia is defined as blood Na⁺ levels below 136 mEq/L and hyperkalemia is defined as blood Na⁺ levels above 145 mEq/L.
B)Hypokalemia is defined as blood Na⁺ levels above 145 mEq/L and hyperkalemia is defined as blood Na+ levels below 136 mEq/L.
C)Hypokalemia is defined as blood K⁺ levels below 3.5 mEq/L and hyperkalemia is defined as blood K⁺ levels above 5.0 mEq/L.
D)Hypokalemia is defined as blood K⁺ levels above 5.0 mEq/L and hyperkalemia is defined as blood K⁺ levels below 3.5 mEq/L.
E)Hypokalemia is defined as blood pH below 7.35 and hyperkalemia is defined as blood pH above 7.45.

Question 47

Describe a fluid shift.

A)A fluid shift is a slow transfer of water from the ECF into the ICF.
B)A fluid shift is a slow transfer of water from the ICF into the ECF.
C)A fluid shift is the rapid movement of water from the ECF and ICF into the solid components in response to an osmotic gradient.
D)A fluid shift is the rapid movement of water from the solid compartments into the ECF and ICF in response to an osmotic gradient.
E)A fluid shift is the rapid movement of water between the ECF and ICF in response to an osmotic gradient.

Question 48

What effect does inhibition of osmoreceptors have on ADH secretion and thirst?

A)increased ADH secretion and increased thirst
B)increased ADH secretion and suppressed thirst
C)decreased ADH secretion and increased thirst
D)decreased ADH secretion and suppressed thirst
E)increased ADH secretion but no change in thirst

Question 49

Define mineral balance.

A)Mineral balance occurs when the blood plasma concentration of sodium is equal to potassium.
B)Mineral balance occurs when the blood plasma concentration of sodium is equal to chloride.
C)Mineral balance occurs when ion gains are equal to ion losses.
D)Mineral balance occurs when the minerals in the ICF are isotonic to the minerals in the ECF.
E)Mineral balance occurs when ion gain and loss is equal to water gain and loss.

Question 50

Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder metabolic alkalosis?

A)consequence of hyperventilation,for example in fever or mental illness
B)consequence of prolonged vomiting
C)consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation,for example due to COPD
D)consequence of tissue hypoxia,for example in ischemic conditions

Question 51

What effect does aldosterone have on sodium ion concentration in the ECF?

A)Aldosterone increases urinary sodium retention and therefore decreases sodium ion concentration in ECF.
B)Aldosterone decreases urinary sodium retention and therefore increases sodium ion concentration in ECF.
C)Aldosterone decreases urinary sodium retention and therefore decreases sodium ion concentration in the ECF.
D)Aldosterone does not affect urinary sodium retention and therefore has no effect on sodium ion concentration in ECF.
E)Aldosterone increases urinary sodium retention and therefore increases sodium ion concentration in ECF.

Question 52

Hypoventilation leads to

A)respiratory acidosis.
B)respiratory alkalosis.
C)metabolic acidosis.
D)metabolic alkalosis.

Question 53

Define acidemia and alkalemia.

A)Acidemia is when pH decreases below 4.8 and alkalemia is when pH increases above 11.4.
B)Acidemia is when pH increases above 7.45 and alkalemia is when pH decreases below 7.35.
C)Acidemia is when pH increases above 11.4 and alkalemia is when pH decreases below 4.8.
D)Acidemia is when pH decreases below 7.35 and alkalemia is when pH increases above 7.45.
E)Acidemia is when pH decreases below 1 and alkalemia is when pH increases above 13.

Question 54

Which organs are primarily responsible for regulating the potassium ion concentration in the ECF?

A)lungs
B)kidneys
C)adrenal glands
D)lymph nodes
E)intestines

Question 55

Identify factors that cause potassium excretion.

A)Potassium excretion is caused by an increase in aldosterone stimulation and when the pH of the ECF increases.
B)Potassium excretion is caused by an increase in aldosterone stimulation and when the pH of the ECF decreases.
C)Potassium excretion is caused by a decrease in aldosterone stimulation and when the pH of the ECF increases.
D)Potassium excretion is caused by a decrease in aldosterone stimulation and when the pH of the ECF decreases.
E)Potassium excretion is caused by an increase in aldosterone stimulation and when the pH of the ECF is neutral.

Question 56

When is your body in acid-base balance?

A)when the loss of hydrogen ions is offset by the production of bicarbonate ions and pH becomes alkaline
B)when the production of hydrogen ions exceeds the loss of hydrogen ions and pH becomes acidic
C)when the loss of hydrogen ions exceeds the production of hydrogen ions and pH becomes alkaline
D)when the production of hydrogen ions is precisely offset by the production of sodium ions and pH remains within normal limits
E)when the production of hydrogen ions is precisely offset by their loss and pH remains within normal limits

Question 57

Hyperventilation will ________ pH.

A)raise (increase)
B)lower (decrease)

Question 58

Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory acidosis?

A)consequence of hyperventilation,for example in fever or mental illness
B)consequence of prolonged vomiting
C)consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation,for example due to emphysema
D)consequence of tissue hypoxia,for example in ischemic conditions

Question 59

Which solid component makes up most of the body mass?

A)carbohydrates
B)minerals
C)lipids
D)vitamins
E)proteins

Question 60

A person who consumes large amounts of sodium bicarbonate ("baking soda")to settle an upset stomach risks

A)respiratory acidosis.
B)respiratory alkalosis.
C)metabolic acidosis.
D)metabolic alkalosis.

Question 61

Describe metabolic acidosis.

A)Metabolic acidosis occurs when pH decreases due to an impaired ability to remove CO₂ by the lungs.
B)Metabolic acidosis occurs when pH increases due to faster CO₂ elimination by the lungs than production.
C)Metabolic acidosis occurs when pH decreases due increased numbers of fixed and metabolic acids,from bicarbonate loss,or from depletion of bicarbonate reserve when hydrogen ions are not adequately excreted by the kidneys.
D)Metabolic acidosis occurs when pH increases due to the removal of hydrogen ions when bicarbonate ion concentrations are elevated.
E)Metabolic acidosis occurs when pH increases due to an impaired ability to remove CO₂ by the lungs.

Question 62

Explain the significance of two important body minerals: sodium and calcium.

Question 63

Describe metabolic alkalosis.

A)Metabolic alkalosis occurs when pH decreases due to an impaired ability to remove CO₂ by the lungs.
B)Metabolic alkalosis occurs when pH increases due to faster CO₂ elimination by the lungs than production.
C)Metabolic alkalosis occurs when pH decreases due increased numbers of fixed and metabolic acids,from bicarbonate loss,or from depletion of bicarbonate reserve when hydrogen ions are not adequately excreted by the kidneys.
D)Metabolic alkalosis occurs when pH increases due to the removal of hydrogen ions when bicarbonate ion concentrations are elevated.
E)Metabolic alkalosis occurs when pH increases due to an impaired ability to remove CO₂ by the lungs.

Question 64

Describe the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system.

A)The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system uses the hydrogen ions created by the metabolic and fixed acids to generate carbonic acid which dissociates into H₂O and CO₂,which can be eliminated by the lungs.
B)The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system uses hemoglobin to buffer hydrogen ions.
C)The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system uses the side group,the amino group,and the carboxylate group of amino acids to buffer pH changes.
D)The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system uses the kidneys to secrete or excrete bicarbonate to buffer pH.
E)The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system uses the lungs to exhale CO₂ to buffer pH.

Question 65

Identify the body's three major buffer systems.

A)hemoglobin buffer system,amino acid buffer system,and the plasma protein buffer system
B)hemoglobin buffer system,amino acid buffer system,and the protein buffer system
C)phosphate buffer system,protein buffer system,and the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
D)renal buffer system,respiratory buffer system,and the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
E)renal buffer system,respiratory buffer system,and the phosphate buffer system

Question 66

Define ECF and ICF.

Question 67

Fred has emphysema,a form of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Blood tests show that his pH is low but almost normal,yet his bicarbonate levels are elevated significantly.How can this be? What would urinalysis show?

Question 68

Summarize the relationship between PCO₂ levels and pH.

A)A direct relationship occurs between the levels of PCO₂ and pH.
B)An inverse relationship occurs between the levels of PCO₂ and pH.
C)A direct relationship occurs between the levels of PCO₂ and pH when the pH is below 7.35.
D)A direct relationship occurs between the levels of PCO₂ and pH when the pH is above 7.45.
E)A inverse relationship occurs between the levels of PCO₂ and pH when the pH is between 7.35 and 7.45.

Question 69

How would a decrease in the pH of body fluids affect the respiratory rate?

A)Respiratory rate would increase.
B)Respiratory rate would decrease.
C)Respiratory rate would not change.

Question 70

Which fluids are buffered by the phosphate buffer system?

A)ECF,blood plasma
B)ICF,blood plasma
C)ICF,ECF,blood plasma
D)ECF,urine
E)ICF,urine

Question 71

Describe the fluid compartments.

Question 72

What intermediate compound formed from water and carbon dioxide directly affects the pH of the ECF?

A)bicarbonate
B)carbonic acid
C)carbonic anhydrase
D)hydrogen
E)hydroxide

Question 73

Why does potassium concentration rise in patients with acidosis? What is this called? What effects does it have?

Question 74

If the kidneys are conserving HCO₃- and eliminating H⁺ in acidic urine,which is occurring: metabolic alkalosis or metabolic acidosis?

A)metabolic alkalosis
B)metabolic acidosis

Question 75

Compare the three categories of acids.

Question 76

What would happen to the blood PCO₂ of a patient who has an airway obstruction?

A)Blood PCO₂ would increase,resulting in respiratory acidosis.
B)Blood PCO₂ would increase,resulting in respiratory alkalosis.
C)Blood PCO₂ would decrease,resulting in respiratory acidosis.
D)Blood PCO₂ would decrease,resulting in respiratory alkalosis.
E)Blood PCO₂ would increase,resulting in metabolic acidosis.

Question 77

The maintenance of normal volume and composition of extracellular and intracellular fluids is vital to life.List and briefly describe the kinds of homeostasis involved.