Deck 16: The Endocrine System

Question 1

Hormones can be divided into different groups based on their chemistry.These categories include all of the following except

A)peptides.
B)steroids.
C)eicosanoids.
D)amino acid derivatives.
E)carbohydrates.

Answer 1

carbohydrates.

Question 2

The functional organization of the nervous system parallels that of the ________ system in many ways.

A)endocrine
B)cardiovascular
C)body
D)muscular
E)integumentary

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following substances acts as a second messenger?

A)insulin
B)ACTH
C)epinephrine
D)cyclic AMP
E)TSH

Answer 3

D

Question 4

When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell,the

A)hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm.
B)cell membrane becomes depolarized.
C)second messenger appears in the cytoplasm.
D)cell becomes inactive.
E)hormone is transported to the nucleus where it alters the activity of DNA.

Question 5

Steroid hormones

A)are proteins.
B)cannot diffuse through cell membranes.
C)bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells.
D)remain in circulation for relatively short periods of time.
E)are transported in the blood dissolved in the plasma.

Question 6

Which of the following statements about the endocrine system is false?

A)It has target cells that are mainly in distant tissues.
B)It affects only cells with appropriate receptors.
C)It releases secretions directly into body fluids.
D)It is regulated by negative feedback mechanisms.
E)It releases hormones,all of which are lipids,directly into the bloodstream.

Question 7

All of the following are true of the nervous system,except that it doesn't

A)respond rapidly to stimuli.
B)respond specifically to stimuli.
C)communicate by the release of neurotransmitters.
D)respond with motor output.
E)function independently of the endocrine system.

Question 8

Peptide hormones are

A)composed of amino acids.
B)produced by the adrenal glands.
C)derived from the amino acid tyrosine.
D)lipids.
E)chemically related to cholesterol.

Question 9

Hormones known as "catecholamines" are

A)lipids.
B)peptides.
C)steroids.
D)amino acid derivatives.
E)derivatives of reproductive glands.

Question 10

Norepinephrine and epinephrine are considered to be ________ when released into the bloodstream,but ________ when released at synapses.

A)hormones; neurotransmitters
B)neuropeptides; neurotransmitters
C)neurotransmitters; hormones
D)neurotransmitters; neuropeptides
E)neuropeptides; neurohormones

Question 11

Extracellular membrane receptors are used by all of the following types of hormones except

A)catecholamines.
B)peptide hormones.
C)leukotrienes.
D)steroid hormones.
E)prostaglandins.

Question 12

Hormonal actions on cells can affect all of the following except

A)increase levels of cAMP.
B)decrease levels of calcium ions.
C)increase ATP production.
D)decrease gene transcription.
E)decrease hormone release through negative feedback.

Question 13

Which of the following is mismatched?

A)direct communication - small solutes travel through gap junctions
B)paracrine communication - molecules released in local area
C)endocrine communication - target cells are directly adjacent to each other
D)autocrine communication - limited to the cell that secretes the chemical signal
E)synaptic communication - uses neurotransmitters that cross synapses

Question 14

All target cells

A)have hormone receptors.
B)can respond to chemical signals.
C)secrete hormones.
D)have hormone receptors and can respond to chemical signals.
E)secrete hormones and have hormone receptors.

Question 15

All of the following are true of steroid hormones except that they

A)are produced by the adrenal medulla.
B)are derived from cholesterol.
C)are produced by reproductive glands.
D)bind to receptors within the cell.
E)are lipids.

Question 16

________ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues.

A)Hormones
B)Neuropeptides
C)Neurotransmitters
D)Paracrine factors
E)None of the answers is correct.

Question 17

Cells can respond to ________ hormone(s)at a time.

A)only one
B)one or two
C)two
D)several

Question 18

The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually

A)cAMP.
B)cGMP.
C)ATP.
D)a G protein.
E)calcium ion levels.

Question 19

Each of the following hormones is an amino acid derivative except

A)epinephrine.
B)norepinephrine.
C)thyroid hormone.
D)thyroid-stimulating hormone.
E)melatonin.

Question 20

When a G protein becomes activated and causes an activation of enzymes,

A)ATP is consumed.
B)cAMP is formed.
C)cAMP is broken down.
D)ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed.
E)None of the answers is correct.

Question 21

An activated G protein can trigger all of the following except

A)the opening of calcium ion channels in the membrane.
B)the release of calcium ions from intracellular stores.
C)a fall in cAMP levels.
D)a rise in cAMP levels.
E)an increase ATP production.

Question 22

The posterior pituitary gland secretes

A)FSH.
B)TSH.
C)ACTH.
D)ADH.
E)MSH.

Question 23

After a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex,

A)adenylyl cyclase is activated.
B)cAMP is formed.
C)G proteins are phosphorylated.
D)gene transcription is initiated.
E)ion channels are opened.

Question 24

The hypothalamus is an important organ in both the ________ and ________ systems.

A)endocrine; nervous
B)cardiovascular; nervous
C)renal; endocrine
D)nervous; renal
E)endocrine; lymphatic

Question 25

Destruction of the supra-optic nucleus of the hypothalamus would have which result?

A)loss of ADH secretion
B)loss of GH secretion
C)loss of melatonin secretion
D)loss of emotional response
E)loss of regulatory factor secretion

Question 26

The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is

A)TSH.
B)ACTH.
C)FSH.
D)LH.
E)GH.

Question 27

Which of the following is released due to sensory input and thus part of a neuroendocrine reflex?

A)FSH
B)OXT
C)TSH
D)corticotropin
E)somatotropin

Question 28

The hormone oxytocin does all of the following except

A)promotes uterine contractions.
B)is responsible for milk expression from the mammary glands.
C)rises during sexual arousal.
D)peaks at orgasm in both sexes.
E)is responsive to osmoreceptors.

Question 29

Receptors for all of the following hormones are found in the cell membranes of target cells except

A)catecholamines.
B)peptide hormones.
C)steroid hormones.
D)eicosanoids.
E)tryptophan derivatives.

Question 30

Regulatory hormones that control secretion of anterior pituitary hormones are released by neurons at the ________ of the hypothalamus.

A)paraventricular nuclei
B)supra-optic nuclei
C)median eminence
D)infundibulum
E)geniculate bodies

Question 31

The hypophyseal portal system

A)has two capillary plexuses connected by short veins.
B)carries neurosecretions to the anterior lobe of the pituitary.
C)carries ADH and oxytocin.
D)All of the answers are correct.
E)None of the answers is correct.

Question 32

The most complex endocrine responses that integrate the nervous and endocrine system involve the

A)thyroid gland.
B)pancreas.
C)adrenal glands.
D)hypothalamus.
E)thymus gland.

Question 33

The hypothalamus controls secretion by the anterior pituitary by

A)direct neural stimulation.
B)indirect osmotic control.
C)secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system.
D)altering ion concentrations and pH in the anterior pituitary.
E)gap synaptic junctions.

Question 34

The pituitary hormone that controls the release of steroid hormones from the adrenal cortex is

A)TSH.
B)ACTH.
C)FSH.
D)LH.
E)GH.

Question 35

The hormone produced by the pars intermedia of the adenohypophysis during early childhood is

A)FSH.
B)ADH.
C)TSH.
D)MSH.
E)ACTH.

Question 36

Secretory cells of the adenohypophysis release all of the following except

A)FSH.
B)TSH.
C)LH.
D)GH.
E)OXT.

Question 37

The intracellular protein ________ binds calcium ions.This complex can then activate enzymes.

A)receptor
B)cAMP
C)G protein
D)calmodulin
E)ATP

Question 38

Neurons of the supra-optic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus manufacture

A)CRF and GnRH.
B)TSH and FSH.
C)ADH and OXT.
D)FSH and PRL.
E)GHIH and GHRH.

Question 39

Calcium ions serve as messengers,often in combination with the intracellular protein

A)calcitonin.
B)calcitriol.
C)calmodulin.
D)calcium-binding globulin.
E)calcitropin.

Question 40

Growth hormone does all of the following except

A)promote bone growth.
B)promote muscle growth.
C)cause fat accumulation within adipocytes.
D)promote amino acid uptake by cells.

Question 41

Liver cells respond to growth hormone by releasing hormones called

A)gonadotropins.
B)prostaglandins.
C)hepatic hormones.
D)somatomedins.
E)glucocorticoids.

Question 42

The posterior lobe of the pituitary is also known as the

A)hypothalamus.
B)infundibulum.
C)median eminence.
D)adenohypophysis.
E)neurohypophysis.

Question 43

The ovaries secrete ________ when stimulated by FSH.

A)estrogen
B)progesterone
C)testosterone
D)oxytocin
E)gonadotropins

Question 44

The primary function of ADH is to

A)increase the amount of sodium lost at the kidneys.
B)decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys.
C)decrease blood pressure.
D)increase digestive absorption.
E)delay urination.

Question 45

The anterior lobe of the pituitary is also known as the

A)hypothalamus.
B)infundibulum.
C)median eminence.
D)adenohypophysis.
E)neurohypophysis.

Question 46

The testes produce

A)LH.
B)progesterone.
C)testosterone.
D)estrogen.
E)FSH.

Question 47

The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is

A)TSH.
B)ACTH.
C)FSH.
D)LH.
E)GH.

Question 48

PRL is to ________ as ACTH is to ________.

A)prolactin; corticotropin
B)oxytocin; mammotropin
C)gonadotropin; mammotropin
D)oxytocin; cortisol

Question 49

The hormone(s)that may be slowly administered by intravenous drip to accelerate labor and delivery is/are

A)oxytocin.
B)prolactin.
C)luteinizing hormone.
D)oxytocin and luteinizing hormone.

Question 50

Hormones that regulate the male and female reproductive organs are collectively called

A)gonadotropins.
B)releasing hormones.
C)inhibiting hormones.
D)eicosanoids.
E)steroids.

Question 51

The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is

A)ACTH.
B)MSH.
C)prolactin.
D)insulin.
E)growth hormone.

Question 52

The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is

A)TSH.
B)ACTH.
C)GH.
D)FSH.
E)PRL

Question 53

After brain surgery,a patient receiving postoperative care in an intensive care unit began to pass large volumes of very dilute urine.The ICU nurse administered a medicine that mimics which of the following hormones?

A)aldosterone
B)epinephrine
C)renin
D)ADH
E)cortisol

Question 54

Which of the following organs does not contain target cells for oxytocin?

A)prostate
B)ductus deferens
C)mammary glands
D)uterus
E)heart

Question 55

The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is

A)TSH.
B)FSH.
C)OXT.
D)ACTH.
E)ADH.

Question 56

TSH plays a key role in ________ of thyroid hormones.

A)only the inhibition
B)only the production
C)only the release
D)both inhibition and production
E)both production and release

Question 57

The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is

A)TSH.
B)ACTH.
C)FSH.
D)LH.
E)GH.

Question 58

If the pars intermedia of the pituitary is destroyed,the pituitary would no longer be able to secrete which of the following hormones?

A)TSH
B)ACTH
C)PRL
D)ADH
E)MSH

Question 59

Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of

A)ACTH.
B)ADH.
C)OXT.
D)TSH.
E)LH.

Question 60

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)is only secreted by the human pars intermedia

A)in old age.
B)in very young children.
C)in times of stress.
D)in healthy adults.
E)when a person is exposed to UV radiation.

Question 61

The two lobes of the pituitary gland together produce how many hormones?

A)3
B)5
C)7
D)9
E)16

Question 62

Before the discovery of these glands,thyroid surgery often led to a rapid drop in blood calcium levels,which triggered muscle contractions and cardiac arrhythmias.What glands are these and which hormone is lacking?

A)thyroid glands; calcitonin
B)parathyroid glands; calcitonin
C)parathyroid glands; parathyroid hormone
D)thyroid glands; levothyroxine
E)parathyroid glands; levothyroxine

Question 63

Where does the chemical reaction between thyroglobulin and iodine take place?

A)in lysosomes
B)in rough endoplasmic reticulum
C)in the lumen of the thyroid follicle
D)in pinocytotic vesicles
E)in apical microvilli

Question 64

Parathyroid hormone does all of the following except

A)stimulate osteoclast activity.
B)inhibit osteoblast activity.
C)build up bone.
D)stimulate the formation and secretion of calcitriol at the kidneys.
E)enhance the reabsorption of calcium at the kidneys.

Question 65

The hormone that does the opposite of calcitonin is

A)insulin.
B)glucagon.
C)growth hormone.
D)parathyroid hormone.
E)thyroid hormone.

Question 66

Increased levels of the hormone ________ will lead to increased levels of calcium ions in the blood.

A)thymosin
B)calcitonin
C)PTH
D)aldosterone
E)cortisol

Question 67

Figure 16-1
Identify the hormone labeled "5."

A)thyroid-releasing hormone
B)thyroid-stimulating hormone
C)thyroxin (thyroid hormones)
D)thyrotropin
E)parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 68

Figure 16-1
Identify the hormone labeled "13."

A)LH
B)progesterone
C)estrogen
D)oxytocin
E)testosterone

Question 69

Thyroid hormones are structural derivatives of the amino acid

A)arginine.
B)thymine.
C)tyrosine.
D)alanine.
E)glutamine.

Question 70

The C cells of the thyroid gland produce

A)thyroxine.
B)TSH.
C)calcitonin.
D)PTH.
E)triiodothyronine.

Question 71

All of the following are result of thyroid hormones except

A)elevated rates of oxygen consumption and energy consumption.
B)decreased heart rate and force of contraction.
C)increased sensitivity to sympathetic stimulation.
D)maintenance of normal sensitivity of respiratory centers.
E)stimulation of red blood cell formation.

Question 72

Which of the following is a known effect of thyroid hormone on peripheral tissues?

A)increased oxygen consumption
B)increased heart rate
C)increased sensitivity to adrenergic stimulation
D)increased body temperature
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 73

Thyroxine and calcitonin are secreted by the

A)kidneys.
B)heart.
C)thyroid gland.
D)gonads.
E)pituitary gland.

Question 74

Figure 16-1
Identify the hormone labeled "4."

A)thyroid-releasing hormone
B)thyroid-stimulating hormone
C)thyroxin
D)parathyroid hormone
E)calcitonin

Question 75

Figure 16-1
Identify the hormone labeled "1."

A)mineralocorticoid
B)cortisol
C)dopamine
D)corticotropin (ACTH)
E)aldosterone

Question 76

Thyroid hormone contains the element

A)fluorine.
B)chlorine.
C)iron.
D)iodine.
E)zinc.

Question 77

A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is

A)parathyroid hormone.
B)thyroxine.
C)calcitonin.
D)glucagon.
E)oxytocin.

Question 78

The parathyroid glands produce a hormone that

A)stimulates the formation of white blood cells.
B)increases the level of calcium ions in the blood.
C)increases the level of sodium ions in the blood.
D)increases the level of potassium ions in the blood.
E)increases the level of glucose in the blood.

Question 79

The two lobes of the thyroid gland are connected by the

A)follicle.
B)infundibulum.
C)eminence.
D)isthmus.
E)gap junctions.

Question 80

The hormone that plays a pivotal role in setting the metabolic rate and thus impacting body temperature is

A)somatotropin.
B)thyroxine.
C)calcitonin.
D)parathyroid hormone.
E)glucagon.