Deck 6: Cartilage and Bone

Question 1

Which type of cartilage is found in the intervertebral discs?

A)Hyaline cartilage
B)Fibrocartilage
C)Reticular cartilage
D)Articular cartilage
E)Elastic cartilage

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which type of cartilage is described as follows: matrix with thick collagen fibers; lacks perichondrium; resists stretching and compression?

A)Elastic cartilage
B)Reticular cartilage
C)Articular cartilage
D)Fibrocartilage
E)Hyaline cartilage

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which bone does not function in protection?

A)Parietal bone
B)Fibula
C)Lumbar vertebra
D)Sternum
E)Os coxae

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which is not stored in bone?

A)Calcium
B)Lipid
C)Phosphate
D)Fat
E)Protein

Question 5

Which is the most abundant type of cartilage in the body?

A)Elastic cartilage
B)Fibrocartilage
C)Reticular cartilage
D)Hyaline cartilage
E)Vascular cartilage

Question 6

Which is not a function of cartilage?

A)Provides support for certain soft tissues
B)Synthesizes red blood cells
C)Forms gliding surface at articulations
D)Serves as model for bone formation
E)No exceptions; all of the choices are functions of cartilage.

Question 7

What is the function of cartilage located in the epiphyseal plates?

A)Serves as model for bone formation
B)Provides passageway for blood vessels
C)Forms articular surface
D)Supports soft tissues
E)Provides flexibility for bending

Question 8

Which is a sesamoid bone?

A)Patella
B)Cuboid
C)Talus
D)Sphenoid
E)Scaphoid

Question 9

A metatarsal bone is an example of a(n)_____ bone.

A)long
B)irregular
C)short
D)flat
E)sesamoid

Question 10

Which would not be classified as an irregular bone?

A)Scapula
B)Sphenoid
C)Sacrum
D)Thoracic vertebra
E)Ethmoid

Question 11

Which is not a function of bone?

A)Protection
B)Mineral storage
C)Body movement
D)Hormone synthesis
E)Hemopoiesis

Question 12

The bones of the wrist are classified as _____ bones.

A)long
B)regular
C)short
D)irregular
E)flat

Question 13

Which is characteristic of cartilage connective tissue?

A)Gel-like ground substance
B)Matrix of protein fibers
C)Cells called chondrocytes
D)Avascular
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 14

Where does hemopoiesis occur?

A)Epiphyseal line
B)Endosteum
C)Red bone marrow
D)Yellow bone marrow
E)Nutrient foramina

Question 15

During appositional growth of cartilage,the cells that produce the matrix are the

A)chondrocytes.
B)osteocytes.
C)fibroblasts.
D)chondroblasts.
E)osteoblasts.

Question 16

The steps in the process of appositional growth of cartilage are
A: New matrix is produced and secreted
B: Chondrocytes differentiate,each in its own lacuna
C: Stem cells undergo mitosis
D: Committed cells differentiate into chondroblasts
The correct chronological order for these steps is

A)c - d - a - b
B)d - c - b - a
C)c - d - b - a
D)a - c - b - d
E)a - c - d - b

Question 17

Consider the classifications of bone,and examples of each.Which classification comprises bones used primarily for movement rather than protection?

A)Short bones
B)Long bones
C)Flat bones
D)Irregular bones
E)Regular bones

Question 18

An example of a flat bone would be the

A)femur.
B)radius.
C)trapezoid.
D)parietal.
E)calcaneus.

Question 19

Which type of cartilage would be punctured if you chose to pierce the auricle of your ear?

A)Reticular cartilage
B)Articular cartilage
C)Fibrocartilage
D)Hyaline cartilage
E)Elastic cartilage

Question 20

Which structure does contain cartilage?

A)Larynx
B)Lung
C)Stomach
D)Knee
E)Ear

Question 21

Which region of a growing bone contains the epiphyseal plate?

A)Distal epiphysis
B)Proximal epiphysis
C)Metaphysis
D)Diaphysis
E)Periphysis

Question 22

Which bone does not contain diploe?

A)Parietal
B)Ethmoid
C)Occipital
D)Frontal
E)Temporal

Question 23

If a bone is immersed in a weak acid such as vinegar for several days,its inorganic components will dissolve.What will be the result of such an experiment?

A)The bone will dissolve completely.
B)The compact bone will dissolve,leaving only the inner spongy bone.
C)The bone will become hard and brittle.
D)The bone will become soft and flexible.
E)The spongy bone will dissolve,leaving only the outer compact bone.

Question 24

Which is not true about periosteum?

A)It includes outer fibrous and inner cellular layers.
B)It is composed of dense regular connective tissue.
C)It provides stem cells for bone growth and repair.
D)It is anchored to the bone by collagen fibers.
E)It covers the entire bone surface,with the exception of articular areas.

Question 25

Bone cells called __________ break down bone by secreting hydrochloric acid and enzymes that dissolve the matrix.

A)osteoprogenitor cells
B)osteoid cells
C)osteocytes
D)osteoclasts
E)osteoblasts

Question 26

The medullary cavity of a long bone is lined with a thin layer of connective tissue called the

A)diaphysis.
B)epiphysis.
C)endosteum.
D)periosteum.
E)trabeculae.

Question 27

Which affects osteoblast and osteoclast activity?

A)Gravity
B)Mechanical stress
C)Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone levels
D)Blood calcium level
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 28

In compact bone,the matrix rings that surround the central canal of each osteon are called

A)canaliculi.
B)concentric lamellae.
C)circumferential lamellae.
D)perforating canals.
E)interstitial lamellae.

Question 29

Osteolysis is

A)demineralization due to hydrochloric acid activity.
B)the release of calcium and phosphate from the matrix.
C)the result of osteoclast activity.
D)the result of enzyme activity.
E)All of these answers are correct.

Question 30

Which is not correct about osteoclasts?

A)They have a ruffled border to increase surface area.
B)They are found in pits called Howship's lacunae.
C)They function in bone resorption.
D)They are concentrated between the periosteum and the bone.
E)They are multinuclear.

Question 31

What gives bone its compressional strength?

A)Yellow bone marrow
B)Reticular fibers
C)Inorganic salts
D)Red bone marrow
E)Endosteum

Question 32

In compact bone,___________ connect adjacent lacunae,thereby providing pathways for nutrients and other materials to pass between osteocytes.

A)osteonic canals
B)blood vessels
C)lamellae
D)canaliculi
E)perforating canals

Question 33

Compact bone

A)is located deep to spongy bone in the diaphysis.
B)is composed of tubular units called osteons.
C)has a brace-like arrangement of trabeculae.
D)is avascular.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 34

Cells that produce new bone tissue by secreting matrix are called

A)osteocytes.
B)osteoclasts.
C)osteoblasts.
D)osteoprogenitor cells.
E)bone-lining cells.

Question 35

Which is an alternate term for compact bone?

A)Cancellous bone
B)Trabecular bone
C)Spongy bone
D)Diploe
E)Cortical bone

Question 36

What would be the effect on bone growth of insufficient dietary calcium?

A)There would be no effect,since the body is able to synthesize calcium.
B)The matrix would be softer.
C)The bone would be less flexible.
D)The epiphyseal plates would ossify earlier in development.
E)There would be increased formation of spongy bone.

Question 37

Which is not correct about spongy bone?

A)Its spaces hold red bone marrow.
B)It is located deep to compact bone.
C)It forms diploe in the cranial bones.
D)It is composed of tubular units called osteons.
E)It is located in the epiphyses of long bones.

Question 38

Spongy bone

A)contains no osteocytes.
B)has spaces filled with yellow marrow.
C)is composed of tubular units called osteons.
D)forms diploe in the cranial bones.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 39

What gives bone its flexibility?

A)Inorganic salts
B)Yellow bone marrow
C)Collagen fibers
D)Trabeculae
E)Elastic fibers

Question 40

The periosteum is anchored to the bone by collagen fibers called _____ fibers.

A)Transverse
B)Perforating
C)Penetrating
D)Connecting
E)Cementing

Question 41

Endochondral ossification begins with a(n)_________ model.

A)mesenchyme
B)dense connective tissue
C)hyaline cartilage
D)membranous
E)osteoid

Question 42

Which is not true about bone remodeling?

A)It occurs throughout life.
B)It assists in the maintenance of calcium and phosphate levels in the body.
C)It occurs at both the endosteal and periosteal surfaces of the bone.
D)It occurs only at articular surfaces.
E)It can occur in response to stress on a bone.

Question 43

Bone growth in which the bone increases in diameter is called

A)interstitial growth.
B)epiphyseal growth.
C)appositional growth.
D)endosteal growth.
E)cancellous bone growth.

Question 44

During the process of endochondral ossification,chondrocytes in the cartilage model die.Why does this occur?

A)Blood supply to the cartilage is cut off by the developing periosteum.
B)Canaliculi connecting adjacent chondrocyte lacunae fuse.
C)Nutrients cannot diffuse to the chondrocytes through the calcified matrix.
D)The developing bone collar secretes enzymes that destroy the chondrocytes.
E)Phagocytic osteoclasts in the new bone engulf and destroy the chondrocytes.

Question 45

Which hormone inhibits rather than stimulates bone growth?

A)Calcitonin
B)Estrogen and testosterone
C)Thyroid hormone
D)Parathyroid hormone
E)Growth hormone

Question 46

Which vitamin is required for the normal synthesis of collagen?

A)Vitamin D
B)Vitamin B
C)Vitamin A
D)Vitamin C
E)Vitamin K

Question 47

A fracture parallel to the long axis of the bone is a(n)_________ fracture.

A)transverse
B)oblique
C)linear
D)comminuted
E)medial

Question 48

Before beginning orthodontic treatment,a patient may have her wrist and hand x-rayed to determine her stage of growth.What long bone feature will the orthodontist use to assess this?

A)Osteon
B)Periosteum
C)Spongy bone
D)Epiphyseal plate
E)Compact bone

Question 49

Which bone forms by intramembranous ossification?

A)Zygomatic
B)Radius
C)Axis
D)Hamate
E)First metatarsal

Question 50

The epiphyseal plates in the _________ are the last ones in the body to ossify.

A)femur
B)humerus
C)clavicle
D)radius
E)tibia

Question 51

What explains the dramatic acceleration in lengthwise bone growth at puberty?

A)Increased activity of osteoclasts occurs in response to parathyroid hormone stimulation.
B)Increased rate of calcium deposition occurs due to high blood calcium levels.
C)Increased physical activity causes lengthwise growth in response to bone stress.
D)Increased secretion of sex hormones promotes epiphyseal plate growth.
E)Increased absorption of dietary vitamins and minerals strengthens the matrix.

Question 52

When bone forms by intramembranous ossification,the ossification centers are within

A)hyaline cartilage.
B)compact bone.
C)mesenchyme.
D)elastic cartilage.
E)spongy bone.

Question 53

The formation of bone from a cartilaginous model is termed

A)mesenchymal ossification.
B)intramembranous ossification.
C)bone remodeling.
D)orthodontia.
E)endochondral ossification.

Question 54

The steps in the process of intramembranous ossification are
A: Formation of lamellar bone
B: Osteoid undergoes calcification
C: Ossification centers form
D: Formation of woven bone and its periosteum
The correct chronological order for these steps is

A)b - a - c - d
B)c - b - d - a
C)c - b - a - d
D)a - c - d - b
E)b - c - d - a

Question 55

Deep Check
Rickets,a disease characterized by overproduction and deficient calcification of osteoid tissue,is caused by a lack of sufficient
A)

A)Vitamin
B)calcitonin.
C)
C)thyroid hormone.

Question 56

Which is the definition for a greenstick fracture?

A)The bone is twisted as it fractures.
B)The fracture is at right angles to the long axis of the bone.
C)The bone is splintered into several fragments.
D)One side of the bone is broken and the other side is bent.
E)The fracture is at an oblique angle to the long axis of the bone.

Question 57

The steps in the process of endochondral ossification are
A: Ossification center forms in the diaphysis
B: Cartilage calcifies and a bone collar forms
C: Ossification centers form in the epiphyses
D: Bone replaces cartilage
E: Epiphyseal plates ossify
F: Cartilage model develops
The correct chronological order for these steps is

A)f - b - c - d - a - e
B)b - c - f - a - e - d
C)a - c - b - d - e - f
D)f - b - a - c - d - e
E)a - e - c - d - b - f

Question 58

Growth at the epiphyseal plate is specifically stimulated by

A)growth hormone.
B)estrogen and testosterone.
C)parathyroid hormone.
D)calcitonin and parathyroid hormone.
E)growth hormone,estrogen,and testosterone.

Question 59

When during human development does the process of ossification begin?

A)12 weeks after birth
B)12th-13th week of embryonic development
C)8th-9th month of fetal development
D)3-4 months of age
E)10-25 years of age

Question 60

The zones found in an epiphyseal plate are
A: Calcified cartilage
B: Hypertrophic cartilage
C: Ossification
D: Resting cartilage
E: Proliferating cartilage
The correct order for these zones,beginning with the edge closest to the epiphysis,is

A)c - a - b - e - d
B)d - b - e - a - c
C)e - d - a - c - b
D)c - d - e - a - b
E)d - e - b - a - c

Question 61

This figure shows the gross anatomy of a long bone.Which number indicates the medullary cavity?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)5

Question 62

Rami,trochanters,tubercles,and tuberosities are bone markings that serve as

A)articulating surfaces.
B)passageways for nerves.
C)attachments for ligaments or tendons.
D)pits or depressions to hold cartilage.
E)passageways for blood vessels.

Question 63

Mature cartilage is avascular.

Question 64

This figure shows the gross anatomy of a long bone.Which number indicates the periosteum?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)5

Question 65

Osteons run perpendicular to the diaphysis of a long bone.

Question 66

Each of the depressions on the maxillae and mandible that holds a tooth is called a(n)

A)fossa.
B)sulcus.
C)sinus.
D)alveolus.
E)foramen.

Question 67

During bone repair,how long does the stage of the bony callus last?

A)12 to 24 hours
B)3 to 4 months
C)1 to 2 years
D)8 to 10 days
E)1 to 2 weeks

Question 68

Which bone marking does not serve as an articulating surface?

A)Head
B)Epicondyle
C)Condyle
D)Facet
E)Trochlea

Question 69

This figure illustrates epiphyseal plate morphology.Which zones are considered to be bone tissue?

A)3,4,5
B)4,5
C)5
D)1
E)1,2,3

Question 70

This figure illustrates epiphyseal plate morphology.In which zone are minerals deposited in the matrix?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)5

Question 71

Since cartilage must be continuously replaced in the body,appositional and interstitial growth of cartilage continues throughout life.

Question 72

Which is not involved in the process of bone repair following a fracture?

A)Fibroblasts produce collagen fibers to connect broken pieces of bone.
B)A fibrocartilaginous callus serves as a model for new bone growth.
C)Osteoclasts remove excess bone from the hard callus.
D)The fracture hematoma reorganizes to form a procallus.
E)No exceptions; all of the choices are involved in the process of bone repair.

Question 73

Endochondral ossification is a form of bone growth in which a cartilaginous model is replaced by bone.

Question 74

The process of bone repair includes these steps:
A: Fracture hematoma forms
B: Bone is remodeled
C: Fibrocartilaginous callus forms
D: Bony callus forms
The correct chronological order for these steps is

A)a - c - d - b
B)a - b - d - c
C)c - d - b - a
D)d - a - b - c
E)b - a - c - d

Question 75

Which is a change in bone architecture or mass related to aging?

A)Insufficient calcification
B)Demineralization
C)Reduction in the organic content of the matrix
D)Loss of flexibility and increase in brittleness
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 76

Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells; osteoclasts are bone-dissolving cells.

Question 77

This figure illustrates epiphyseal plate morphology.What type of tissue is found in Zone 1?

A)Hyaline cartilage
B)Osseous tissue
C)Dense irregular connective tissue
D)Fibrocartilage
E)Adipose tissue

Question 78

Patients with osteoporosis often suffer _________ fractures of the vertebral bodies due to loss of bone mass.

A)spiral
B)epiphyseal
C)greenstick
D)compression
E)transverse

Question 79

In adults,an area of compact bone called the epiphyseal tract replaces the epiphyseal plate.

Question 80

This figure illustrates epiphyseal plate morphology.Which is the zone of proliferating cartilage?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)5