Deck 3: Personality Traits: Practical Matters

Question 1

Your hypotheses include the suggestion that individuals who prefer blues, folk, classical and jazz music will score high on which personality factors?

A) Neuroticism
B) Openness
C) Agreeableness
D) Conscientiousness

Answer 1

Openness

Question 2

Caring for the mental and physical well-being of one's parents, continuing the family line, and bringing honor to one's family and ancestors is referred to as _________ in Chinese.

A) amae
B) Tai Chi
C) filial piety
D) family obligation

Answer 2

filial piety

Question 3

You are using a process referred to in the textbook as ______________ .

A) multi phasic
B) triangulation
C) compound
D) LOTS

Answer 3

triangulation

Question 4

One research study reported in the textbook found that people who blog tend to be higher on __________ and Openness than nonbloggers.

A) Psychoticism
B) Anxiety
C) Extraversion
D) Neuroticism

Question 5

This research led to the identification of 10 trait clusters unique to the Chinese personality and not covered by Western personality inventories. All of the following are among these 10 unique Chinese traits

A) Ren Qing (traditional relationship orientation emphasizing give and take and connectedness)
B) Ah-Q or defensive mentality
C) Ten Dai (careful, thriftiness)
D) Face (reputation, social approval)

Question 6

The textbook defines __________ as the ability of individuals to "stand outside their immediate sense of time and place to view life from a larger, more objective perspective."

A) self actualization
B) Nirvana
C) religiosity
D) spiritual transcendence

Question 7

In the research correlating music preference with personality traits, people high on _____________ were more likely to engage with music in an emotional way to use it to change their mood.

A) Neuroticism
B) Extraversion
C) Openness
D) Optimism

Question 8

When Cheung factor analyzed responses on questionnaires designed for Chinese society he found six factors: five from the five-factor model plus an indigenous personality factor he called

A) Interpersonal Relatedness.
B) Obligation.
C) Somatic Anxiety.
D) Fearful Extroversion.

Question 9

Because the Openness factor does not appear consistently in other languages it may be that this is a problem with

A) research design.
B) cultural sensitivity in the researchers.
C) how different cultures define "openness" in their particular language.
D) the types of statistical analysis being used in the studies.

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as such in the textbook?

A) self-report data
B) test data
C) genetic data
D) observation data

Question 11

Schmitt and Buss discovered that sexuality factors overlap by almost ___% with the five factors suggesting that they ________ separate factors.

A) 80; are not
B) 60; are not
C) 45; are
D) 30; are

Question 12

Some psychologists refer to this as _____________ intelligence.

A) perceptual
B) emotional
C) interpersonal
D) social

Question 13

Research on the personality traits associated with successful astronauts suggest that the two most highly correlated traits were

A) low Psychoticism and high Extraversion.
B) high Conscientiousness and high Agreeableness.
C) low Conscientiousness and high Agreeableness.
D) high Neuroticism and high Extraversion.

Question 14

Presidents tend to be all of the following compared to the U.S. population at large

A) more conscientious.
B) more extraverted.
C) less open.
D) less agreeable.

Question 15

When Schmitt and Buss factor-analyzed adjectives referring to sexuality they found several factors that they referred to as the

A) Amorous Eight.
B) Sexy Seven.
C) Erotic Seven.
D) Lascivious Nine.

Question 16

________ characterizes relationships between people of lower and higher status as well as between parents and children in Japan.

A) Obligation
B) Arigato
C) Fility
D) Amae

Question 17

All of the following are findings from research attempting to identify universals in personality

A) Questionnaire measures of the Five-Factor Model reliably replicate across many cultures and languages.
B) Openness does not vary significantly from culture to culture.
C) In some cultures more than five factors are needed to fully describe personality.
D) Adjectival measures of the Big Five reveal variations of Neuroticism, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness but not Openness in many different cultures.

Question 18

One study reported in the textbook found that the _______ of women in their college yearbook photos predicted their marital satisfaction and personal well-being 30 years later.

A) hair style
B) cloths
C) weight
D) facial expression

Question 19

Rubenzer also found that great presidents

A) are high on morality scores.
B) are less willing to question traditional values.
C) are less aware of their feelings and therefore less inhibited by them.
D) tend to be higher on Openness than the average person.

Question 20

What type of data are you gathering?

A) life data
B) observational data
C) test data
D) self-report data

Question 21

Many studies suggest that the five factors start to become consistent at about age ___ and increase consistency until after age ____.

A) 1; 25
B) 3; 35
C) 3; 50
D) 12; 65

Question 22

You will be conducting _____________ research.

A) experimental
B) behavioral
C) cross-sectional
D) longitudinal

Question 23

A statistical procedure used to look at personality effects by combining the data from many different studies is known as ____________-analysis.

A) multi factorial
B) meta
C) combinatorial
D) factor

Question 24

Which of the following statements is NOT true about personality traits across the life-span?

A) Personality is less consistent than income.
B) Personality is about as consistent as cognitive ability.
C) Blood pressure is less consistent than personality.
D) Income is less consistent than personality.

Question 25

In a study using meta-analysis on 117 previous studies to lookat the correlation between personality traits and success among police officers, managers and professionals, only __________ was related to high performance ratings, productivity, low job turnover, and higher salaries.

A) low Neuroticism
B) high Conscientiousness
C) low Anxiousness
D) high Extraversion

Question 26

Peak consistency for personality is around age

A) 65.
B) 50.
C) 35.
D) 20.

Question 27

According to one study presented in the textbook, the overall consistency in all five personality factors across 81 studies suggests that about ___% of the variance in one's personality at one point in time can be explained by one's personality at another point in time.

A) 5
B) 15
C) 30
D) 50

Question 28

When data from men and women are combined the trait that has the most consistency over time is

A) Extraversion.
B) Agreeableness.
C) Conscientiousness.
D) Overall Personality.

Question 29

A meta-analytic study of personality traits suggests that two studies measuring the same traits in the same people will have he highest correlation if

A) both tests are conducted while the individuals are relatively young.
B) one set of tests are conducted while the individuals are young and one set when they over 50.
C) the two procedures are done many years apart.
D) the two procedures are done quite close together in time.

Question 30

Which of the following is most true?

A) Neither cross-sectional nor longitudinal studies suggest that personality changes much after age 25.
B) Cross-sectional studies show changes in personality over time, but longitudinal studies do not.
C) Longitudinal studies show changes in personality over time, but cross-sectional studies do not
D) Both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies show similar and consistent personality changes over time.

Question 31

Which of the following statements is true with regard to consistency of personality traits across the life-span?

A) Adults are less consistent than teens.
B) Teens are more consistent than adults.
C) Children are more consistent than teens.
D) Adults are more consistent than children.

Question 32

William James believed that by age 30 our character

A) was almost completely established and would change little in the future.
B) was just beginning to firm up.
C) had been stable for a decade or so, and was now beginning to change.
D) was very changeable as it is throughout one's life span.

Question 33

When an underlying personality trait stays the same but the way it is expressed changes, it is called personality ____________ by psychologists.

A) stability
B) stasis
C) coherence
D) consistency

Question 34

Freud believed that an individual's personality was set by age _____.

A) 1.
B) 5.
C) 12.
D) 16.

Question 35

Contemporary personality psychologists tend to believe that if an individual has personality problems that persist until age 30

A) they will be stuck with these or similar problems for the rest of their life.
B) they will continue to have a hard time, but if they engage in therapy or similar life changing work they may be able to overcome their problems.
C) there is no connection between personality at age 30 and at age 50 so we have no way of predicting if these or similar difficulties will remain.
D) personality is consistent, but not unchanging. Personality can change as it is affected by events and environments. These problems could lessen or get worse depending on events.

Question 36

Research suggests that all of the following traits increase over time

A) Conscientiousness.
B) Introversion.
C) Emotional Stability.
D) Agreeableness.

Question 37

Rubinstsein and Strul, in a study of Israeli workers that Artists and lawyers were the highest in

A) Neuroticism.
B) Openness.
C) Psychoticism.
D) Introversion.

Question 38

In developmental research, changes that affect nearly everybody are referred to as _______________ changes.

A) mean-level
B) coherent
C) baseline
D) median

Question 39

Meta-analysis of 92 longitudinal studies by Roberts, et al concluded all of the following

A) All six traits studied showed changes pas the age of 30.
B) Young adulthood (20-24) rather than adolescence appears to be the period in life when personality changes most.
C) Another critical period for personality change is the years after retirement from a significant job.
D) for Openness and Social Vitality all of the other traits became more positive with age.

Question 40

When psychologists ask the question, "How much do people change in general?" they are discussing ______________ change.

A) personal
B) idiopathic
C) normative
D) average

Question 41

In the Harvard longitudinal study of personality, which variable was a good indicator of poor adjustment across various domains?

A) Aggression
B) Low Intelligence
C) Neuroticism
D) Introversion

Question 42

The longitudinal study of child from birth to 18 years old showed that children described as "confident" tended score ______ of scales of __________ at age 18.

A) low; aggression
B) high; danger seeking
C) low; dominance
D) high; impulsivity

Question 43

It is generally accepted in the field that children have differing ____________, or individual differences, that emerge during the first year of life.

A) temperaments
B) personalities
C) phenotypes
D) egos

Question 44

Schmitt and Buss used factor-analysis to define several sexuality factors that came to be known as the Sexy __________.

Question 45

Research suggests that men who marry or remarry in late middle age or old age also show signs of a decrease in ______________ with age.

A) Neuroticism
B) Angst
C) Introversion
D) Agreeableness

Question 46

Some theorists do not consider intelligence a personality trait because they do not consider _________ abilities to be personality traits.

Question 47

In a cross-sectional study of personality stability over time, which of the following was concluded?

A) Both men and women were less emotionally stable after age 20.
B) Both men and women were more emotionally stable after age 20.
C) Men, but not women, were more emotionally stable after age 30.
D) Women, but not men, were more emotionally stable after age 30.

Question 48

Data from the Harvard longitudinal study of personality suggests that if one had used personality variables measured in university to predict the accomplishments of these individuals, those predictions would have been

A) no better than flipping a coin.
B) quite accurate.
C) almost the opposite of the result.
D) there was no data in the study that could be used for such predictions.

Question 49

In analyzing the data of the longitudinal study of Harvard graduates begun in 1938, psychiatrist George Vaillant discovered that as people matured their defense mechanisms

A) stayed the same as when they were younger.
B) deteriorated.
C) matured also.
D) became significantly more obvious.

Question 50

The textbook suggests that women who continue to smoke marijuana into midlife, or people who continue to engage in stealing or fighting into midlife are exhibiting

A) increases in Neuroticism.
B) irregular changes.
C) the effects of brain damage.
D) nonnormative development.

Question 51

McAdams suggests that trait models fall short when it comes to all of the following

A) adequately describing the richness of person's life.
B) accounting for personality functioning and personality differences between people beyond the surface level.
C) predicting adult personality from observations of childhood personality.
D) addressing the social context of human experience.

Question 52

What does the textbook suggest about the nature of "life-altering" major experiences in life?

A) There is no real evidence that they exist.
B) Life-altering events that produce a major change in one's life are very common.
C) The impact of such events is real, but overblown.
D) Negative life-altering events occur fairly regularly, but positive ones have very little long-term impact.

Question 53

Studies of college students suggest that

A) those who had experienced significant decreases in negative emotions had experienced fewer negative events.
B) those who had increases in positive emotions also experienced more negative events and learned from their experiences.
C) those who had experienced significant increases in negative emotions had experienced fewer positive events.
D) there is no connection between negative events and negative emotions.

Question 54

In considering the actions of world leaders, the data from the longitudinal study of Harvard graduates would suggest that the decisions made past the age of 50 are more likely to be characterized by______________ than before.

A) altruism
B) aggression
C) avoidance
D) fear

Question 55

Research has found that both men and women who increased hostility as they developed from college age to about age 40 experienced all of the following

A) obesity.
B) social isolation.
C) increased time spent in jail.
D) greater risk of depression.

Question 56

Perhaps the most famous longitudinal study of personality is the Grant Study of ________ Graduates begun in 1938.

A) Mills
B) Harvard
C) Terman
D) Wisconsin

Question 57

Many personality theorists agree that the number of basic personality factors is ___.

Question 58

The textbook defines _______ transcendence as the ability of individuals to "stand outside their immediate sense of time and place to view life from a larger, more objective perspective."

Question 59

A longitudinal study of male veterans aged 43 to 91 found that those who became more neurotic over time showed about a ________ in mortality over men whose level of Neuroticism decreased.

A) 10 % decrease
B) 10 % increase
C) 30 % decrease
D) 30 % increase

Question 60

The results of the Harvard longitudinal study of personality found that __________ in young adulthood drove career and monetary success, whereas _____________ was related to adjustment and the inability to quit smoking in adulthood.

A) Extraversion;.Psychoticism
B) Intelligence;.Introversion
C) Openness; Neuroticism
D) Extraversion; Neuroticism

Question 61

Describe the research process of triangulation and two of the four related research methods mentioned in the book.

Question 62

Personality ______is when the underlying trait stays the same but the way it is expressed changes.

Question 63

In personality research, L data refers to what type of data?

Question 64

Children are known to exhibit individual differences in personality that emerge during the first year of life. Children are said to exhibit differing ___________.

Question 65

Discuss two factors that have been shown to produce normative change in personality over time.

Question 66

These types of changes are known as _________-level changes.

Question 67

How consistent is personality for most people over time?

Question 68

Discuss the question of whether or not intelligence should be considered a personality trait.

Question 69

There are individual differences in personality development. These types of changes produce ___________ development

Question 70

Summarize the most significant findings of the Grant Study of Harvard Graduates.

Question 71

Research by Cheung on personality variables in China has suggested that there are ten trait clusters unique to the Chinese personality. One of these addresses the issue of reputation and social approval, which is also known as _________.

Question 72

Briefly discuss some research findings about the types of variables that produced individual, nonnormative changes in personality.

Question 73

The method of studying personality that follows a group over a period of time is known as a __________ study.

Question 74

Discuss how personality research that is grounded in the dominant culture and linguistic groups of the West is applicable in other cultures.

Question 75

Personality research suggests that people high in _______ do not like classical, jazz, folk or blues music.

Question 76

presidents with those of average citizens.

Question 77

The textbook refers to process of using multiple methods within a single program of research to focus on a personality trait as _____________.

Question 78

A research method that statistically combines the information from several different studies is known as __________-analysis.

Question 79

A very desirable personality trait in China the involves caring for the mental and physical well-being of one's parents and continuing the family line is known as ________ piety.

Question 80

Compare and contrast the concepts of continuity, change, and coherence in personality research.