Deck 8: Intrapsychic Foundations of Personality

Question 1

Freud defined ___________ as a theory of personality, a method for investigating unconscious processes, and a technique of treatment.

A) psychoanalysis
B) attachment theory
C) psychohermeneutics
D) psychodynamics

Answer 1

psychoanalysis

Question 2

The term that Freud used for mistakes caused by unconscious desires is

A) Freudian slips.
B) projections.
C) parapraxes
D) defense mechanisms.

Answer 2

parapraxes

Question 3

Freud's term for this information was _________ content.

A) manifest
B) obvious
C) latent
D) surface

Answer 3

manifest

Question 4

In Freudian theory, the term for the energy of the life instincts is

A) sex.
B) libido.
C) life drive.
D) pro-life.

Question 5

The concept of transference is one proposed by

A) Horney.
B) LaBeouf.
C) Bowlby.
D) Freud.

Question 6

The real work in dream analysis was in the interpretation of dream symbolism and reactions to the dream that brought out the true meaning of the dream, or its

A) psychodynamic content.
B) freed meaning.
C) unconscious meaning.
D) latent content.

Question 7

What famous question appeared on the cover of Time magazine in 1993?

A) Whither Freud?
B) Is Freud dead?
C) Is Psychoanalysis finished?
D) Freud: Dead or Alive?

Question 8

For Freud, the "royal road to a knowledge of the unconscious activities of the mind" was to be found in

A) free association.
B) the interpretation of a patient's writing.
C) dream analysis.
D) transference.

Question 9

An important concept for Freud was trieb, or ________; an impulse, tension, or excitation originating in the body.

A) necessities
B) behavioral patterns
C) instincts
D) drives

Question 10

When this is the case they are known as ________ behaviors.

A) symbolic
B) Freudian
C) projected
D) indirect

Question 11

Complexes, or patterns of thoughts, memories, and perceptions organized around a theme, are known today as a

A) theme.
B) habit.
C) pattern.
D) schema.

Question 12

According to ____________ theory, we form emotional bonds with our early caregivers which become mental representations or internal working models of all future intimate relationships.

A) psychoanalytic
B) attachment
C) Horney's
D) transference

Question 13

Freud reasoned that just as the body used energy to carry out its functions, the mind must similarly use an energy, which he called __________ energy.

A) cathartic
B) mental
C) psychic
D) sexual

Question 14

Jung introduced an empirical element to his use of the word association test in that he measured

A) facial flush.
B) reaction time.
C) galvanic skin response.
D) fMRI.

Question 15

According to Freudian theory, at least in its later form, there are two broad categories of instincts: life instincts called Eros and death instincts called _______.

A) Thanatos
B) Anti-Eros
C) Demonic
D) Phallos

Question 16

Free association works in leading a patient to reveal unconscious thoughts in theory because

A) a patient comes to trust the therapist over time.
B) when a patient relaxes, so does their mental censor or monitor.
C) it is a form of hypnosis in which the patient comes to obey the therapist.
D) free association is for getting at conscious thoughts, not unconscious ones.

Question 17

A modern test that uses reaction time to reveal hidden thoughts and feelings is the _______ Test.

A) Thematic Apperception
B) Explicit Reaction Time
C) Implicit Association
D) Minnesota Multiphasic

Question 18

The term for Freud's talk therapy is

A) transference.
B) dream analysis.
C) unconscious modification.
D) psychoanalysis.

Question 19

Freud believed that psychic energy could not be destroyed on the basis of the physical law of

A) zero sum.
B) equivalence.
C) relativity.
D) conservation of energy.

Question 20

Jung introduced the concept of using the word association method to identify unconscious ____________, or important concerns for a person of which he or she may not be aware.

A) complexes
B) themes
C) inhibitions
D) thoughts

Question 21

All of the following are neo-Freudians

A) Alfred Adler.
B) Elizabeth Loftus.
C) Karen Horney.
D) Harry Stack Sullivan.

Question 22

In Freudian theory, the ego must try to match the wishes of the id with objects and events in the real world through a process of

A) moderation.
B) mature consideration.
C) identification.
D) wish fulfillment.

Question 23

A neo-Freudian theory that focuses on the cognitive and emotional processes involved in intimate relationships is known as ________ theory.

A) ego
B) self-other
C) interpersonal
D) object-relations

Question 24

In Freudian theory, the type of thinking attributed to the id is called _________ thinking.

A) pleasure focused
B) narcissistic
C) infantile
D) primary process

Question 25

The quote from Hamlet, "The lady doth protest too much, methinks." is generally interpreted to be a reference to ________ on the part of the lady in question.

A) mean spiritedness
B) reaction formation
C) intellectualization
D) denial

Question 26

It was therefore an attempt to apply the Freudian principle of

A) projection.
B) catharsis.
C) displacement.
D) denial.

Question 27

The concept is different from Freud's ideas about the unconscious primarily in that the modern concept conceives of the unconscious as

A) a much weaker, inconsequential cognitive factor.
B) somewhat darker, more conniving and controlling in its activity
C) more powerful in its ability to keep information from the light of consciousness.
D) more of a helper with the regulation of thoughts, emotions, etc.

Question 28

According to Freudian theory, the function of defense mechanisms is to

A) keep the individual from having to face harsh reality.
B) prevent the superego from gaining dominance over the ego.
C) lessen anxiety by working towards a balance between id and superego.
D) reduce the amount of energy one has to expend in forging the reality principle.

Question 29

The correct order of Freud's stages is

A) genital, latency, phallic, anal, oral.
B) oral, anal, latency, phallic, genital.
C) oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital.
D) anal, oral, phallic, latency, genital.

Question 30

Freud's model describes a child going through a series of _____________ stages.

A) developmental
B) attachment
C) erogenous
D) psychosexual

Question 31

Many neo-Freudians objected to Freud's ______ psychology and sought to introduce _______ psychology.

A) conscious; unconscious
B) unconscious; conscious
C) id; ego
D) ego; id

Question 32

You have hired a psychoanalyst trained in the use of projective tests to find someone strong in

A) primary process thinking.
B) secondary process thinking.
C) identification.
D) pleasure principle thinking.

Question 33

Bowlby theorized that the attachment system __________ to keep infants close to their mothers and safe from harm.

A) devolved
B) evolved
C) is learned
D) is a social adaptation

Question 34

Freud's structural model of personality contained all of the following

A) superego.
B) id.
C) underego.
D) ego.

Question 35

It operates according to the

A) pleasure principle.
B) principle of "me first".
C) desire principle.
D) principle of instant gratification.

Question 36

What the staff has noticed, however, is that children tend to get very listless and sad-looking the longer this procedure goes on. You have been reading John Bowlby and about St. Jude's Children's Research Hospital in Memphis, TN. Based on these sources, you recommend that the current procedure

A) continue, but that special nurses be hired to engage the children in play.
B) continue, but steps should be take to reduce the length of stay in hospital for the children.
C) be discontinued and either children should be cared for at home or families be encouraged to spend as much time as possible with the child.
D) be discontinued and specially trained family surrogates who are known to be infection-free be hired to spend time with the children.

Question 37

Based on Freudian theory, each of the following is a possible personality type resulting a problem at a psychosexual stage

A) oral incorporative personality.
B) anal sadistic personality.
C) phallic character.
D) hysterical character.

Question 38

The topographic model of personality contains all of the following concepts

A) Conscious.
B) Postconscious.
C) Preconscious.
D) Unconscious.

Question 39

If a child receives either too much or too little gratification of this tension the result can be

A) sexual deviance.
B) fixation.
C) displacement.
D) compulsion.

Question 40

In the topographic model, thoughts that are just outside our awareness but are easily accessible are contained in the

A) unconscious.
B) motivated conscious.
C) preconscious.
D) anticonscious.

Question 41

He called these expectations

A) identifications.
B) introjections.
C) schemata.
D) internal working models.

Question 42

The experimental situation or technique devised by Ainsworth to study attachment came to be known as the

A) Strange Situation.
B) Attachment Procedure.
C) Attachment Experiment.
D) Ainsworth Situation.

Question 43

These policies are built, in part, on the assumption that divorce harms children and that it is better for children to stay in conflicted marriages than suffer the trauma of divorce. You have been asked to summarize research findings in these issues for a European Union Conference on Marriage and Children. Which of the following best summarizes that research?

A) No relationship between adult attachment style and parents' marital status has been found, but children raised in what are defined as unhappy marriages demonstrate the same ratio of attachment styles as children raised in happy marriages.
B) A strong relationship between adult attachment styles and divorce has been found with adult children of divorced parents being prone to insecure and anxious attachment. No relationship between children raised in unhappy marriages has been found.
C) No relationship between adult attachment styles and divorce has been found, but parents who were described as being unhappily married tended to have fewer securely attached adult children and more insecurely attached adult children.
D) Alas, there is not data on these particular questions and you will have to turn down the invitation.

Question 44

All of the following are characteristics of securely attached children

A) they are clingier and seek more physical contact than the other groups.
B) they use their mothers as a secure base from which to explore.
C) they use their mothers as a safe haven to return to should they feel fear.
D) they cry less than children in the other two groups.

Question 45

Freud defined two broad categories of instincts: life instincts, or Eros, and death instincts, or ________.

Question 46

According to Freudian theory, ____________ behaviors allow us to express our id impulses under the guise of benign behavior.

Question 47

Parents of these infants tended to be full of fear themselves, or inadvertently behaved in ways that were frightening to the infant.

A) fearful
B) anxious/disturbed
C) disorganized/disoriented
D) discomforted

Question 48

Freud reasoned that there need to be a source of energy for the mind just as there did for the body. He called this energy _________ energy.

Question 49

In dream analysis the search is for the ___________ content, or true meaning of the dream.

Question 50

Research using an "adult Strange Situation" took place

A) in a laboratory.
B) in homes.
C) in an airport.
D) No one has figured out how to create an "adult Strange Situation."

Question 51

After Freud abandoned the use of hypnosis in psychoanalysis he developed the method of ________ _______________.

Question 52

In Ainsworth's research on attachment, infants labeled with avoidant attachment had mothers who tended to be

A) overly attentive to their infants cries and protests.
B) less affectionate during the first 3 months and disliked close bodily contact with the infant.
C) aggressive toward their children and favored physical punishment.
D) inconsistent; physically distant one day, and overly clinging other days.

Question 53

In Ainsworth's experiments into the nature of attachment, what preceeded the Strange Situation?

A) Six months of weekly questionnaires filled out by the mother
B) Two sets of tests, one for the mother, and another for the infant
C) An hour of separation between mother and infant
D) A year of observations of mother-infant interactions

Question 54

Research suggests that secure adults are more likely than insecure adults to show the defining features of what Carl Rogers called the _____________ person: openness to new experiences, trust in oneself and the world, lack of fear of disapproval or rejection, etc.

A) enlightened
B) self realized
C) complete
D) fully functioning

Question 55

In Freudian theory the psychic energy of the life instincts is called

Question 56

The Implicit Association Test (IAT) uses _______ _______ and word associations to attempt to reveal hidden thoughts and feelings.

Question 57

In Freudian theory, a __________ action is when the id seeks gratification through immediate physical action.

Question 58

It is likely that you will be using which research instrument?

A) Ainsworth Adult Assessment (AAA)
B) Minnesota Attachment Questionnaire (MAQ)
C) Adult Attachment Interview (AAI)
D) Strange Situation/Adult Version

Question 59

Recent studies have found approximately ______% agreement between an infant's secure or insecure attachment in the Strange Situation and his or her attachment in later adolescence and young adulthood.

A) 20
B) 40
C) 70
D) 85

Question 60

Ainsworth and her colleagues identified three patterns of attachment including all of the following

A) avoidant.
B) borderline.
C) secure.
D) anxious-ambivalent.

Question 61

According to Freudian theory, a ____________ formation occurs when people express the opposite id impulse as a defense.

Question 62

Central to Freudian theory is the unconscious, and central to Freudian research and therapy is access to the unconscious. Discuss how Freud believed he gained access to this vital material.

Question 63

In Freudian terms the ego must operate according to the ___________ principle where it tries to satisfy the id within the constraints of social and physical reality.

Question 64

You are talking with a person who was in one of the Twin Towers just before it collapsed in New York on 9/In Freudian terms this person may be using the defense mechanism of _______________ to cope with the event without being overwhelmed by their emotions.

Question 65

Briefly compare and contrast two of the three elements of Freud's structural model of personality.

Question 66

Much of Freud's early clinical work was based on his concept of ________ reaction, in which anxiety takes the form of a physical symptom.

Question 67

In Freudian theory, if it is not possible to immediately act on an impulse the id may seek gratification by imagining what it wants in a process known as ____________ fulfillment.

Question 68

In the Strange Situation, children who showed _________ attachment seemed oblivious to their mother's departure and return and did not seek her out as a safe haven.

Question 69

Based on Bowlby's theoretical work, Ainsworth developed a laboratory technique to study attachment called the __________ _____________.

Question 70

In Freudian theory the superego has two parts: the _________ and the ego ideal.

Question 71

According to Freud, "the essence of _____________ lies simply in the function of rejecting and keeping something out of consciousness."

Question 72

You are on the editorial committee for a new textbook in personality. You have been asked to summarize the issue of suppression vs. repression and the status of either as a real defense mechanism. Discuss the current evidence with regard to this controversy.

Question 73

Describe an experiment that suggests Freud was partially correct in his hypothesis that suppressed thoughts are likely to reveal themselves in dreams.

Question 74

In Freudian terms, an adult individual with a(n) __________ ___________ personality will show the personality traits of being self-confident, uninhibited, non-conventional, and resistant to authority.

Question 75

In Freud's model of child development, when a child has fewer psychological resources left to deal with the challenges of the next stage the result is a ____________.

Question 76

Briefly discuss the similarities and differences between a current model of a cognitive unconscious with the unconscious of Freudian theory.

Question 77

Discuss the logic behind the use of reaction time combined with word association as an indicator of hidden thoughts and feelings

Question 78

Following on Freud's theoretical work, several theorists focused on the cognitive and emotional processes involved in intimate relationships, cognitive representation of important others, etc. This was called ___________ relations theory.

Question 79

Freud believed that _________ occurred as a part of obsessional disorders, popular customs, and religious ceremonies.

Question 80

Discuss the relationship between anxiety and defense mechanisms in Freud's theory including one example of a specific defense mechanism.