Deck 42: Animal Development

Question 1

Which animal eggs contain very little yolk?

A)reptile eggs
B)placental mammal eggs
C)bird eggs
D)insect eggs

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The eggs of which organisms would contain the lowest percentage of yolk?

A)those of birds
B)those of insects
C)those of humans
D)those of reptiles

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which sequence places the mechanisms of embryonic development in the correct order?

A)cleavage, gastrulation, organogenesis
B)gastrulation, cleavage, organogenesis
C)cleavage, organogenesis, gastrulation
D)organogenesis, cleavage, gastrulation

Answer 3

A

Question 4

What directs the stages of animal development before the genes of a zygote become active?

A)the cytoplasmic determinants of the egg
B)the environment
C)the nucleus
D)the cytoplasmic determinants of the sperm

Question 5

Where do muscles originate from?

A)the mesoderm
B)the ectoderm and the mesoderm
C)the ectoderm and the endoderm
D)the endoderm

Question 6

Which group of adult tissues is derived from the mesoderm?

A)skin, brain, retina
B)muscles, bones, cartilage
C)skin, liver, pancreas
D)lining of digestive tract, liver, pancreas

Question 7

Which sequence places the developmental structures in the correct order?

A)gastrula, blastula, morula
B)organs, morula, gastrula
C)morula, organs, gastrula
D)morula, blastula, gastrula

Question 8

Which of the following describes "pregnancy" in male sea horses?

A)It represents a decrease in parental investment, but does not allow males to be confident about the paternity of their young.
B)It represents an increase in parental investment, but does not allow males to be confident about the paternity of their young.
C)It represents a decrease in parental investment, and allows males to be confident about the paternity of their young.
D)It represents an increase in parental investment, and allows males to be confident about the paternity of their young.

Question 9

In which animal's development does the rotation of the grey crescent play a major role?

A)the bird's development
B)the sea urchin's development
C)the grasshopper's development
D)the frog's development

Question 10

Which statement describes the distribution of yolk in an egg?

A)The vegetal pole does not form internal structures.
B)The vegetal pole does not form the posterior end of the animal.
C)Polarity does not relate to development of body axes.
D)The animal pole does not form the animal's gut.

Question 11

Which organisms have a pattern of gastrulation that is the most similar to humans?

A)the birds
B)the zebra fishs
C)the sea urchins
D)the amphibians

Question 12

Which animal is an extreme example in terms of offspring size?

A)a human
B)a mole
C)an elephant
D)a bat

Question 13

Why is it important that parents provide a place in which the embryo can develop?

A)to minimize favourable conditions for the embryo's growth and development
B)to minimize the embryo's exposure to predators and parasites
C)to maximize the embryo's exposure to environment
D)to minimize the embryo's exposure to environment

Question 14

Which sequence places the three primary cell layers of an embryo in order from superficial to deep?

A)endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm
B)mesoderm, ectoderm, endoderm
C)ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
D)ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

Question 15

Which structure in the development of the amphibian is equivalent to the primitive knot in bird development?

A)the ectoderm
B)the dorsal lip of the blastopore
C)the archenteron
D)the endoderm

Question 16

Which of the following occurs after mitotic cell division?

A)Cell division occurs and the mass does not increase.
B)No cell division occurs and the mass does increase.
C)No cell division occurs and the mass does not increase.
D)Cell division occurs and the mass does increase.

Question 17

How does the amount of yolk relate to the nourishment of the organism?

A)An egg lacking yolk contains all of the nutrients for the embryo's development.
B)An egg with a large amount of yolk contains all of the nutrients for the embryo's development.
C)An egg with a small amount of yolk contains all of the nutrients for the embryo's development.
D)The amount of yolk does not affect the embryo's development.

Question 18

Which body axis exists?

A)dorsal-anterior axis
B)ventral-posterior axis
C)anterior-posterior axis
D)anterior-dorsal axis

Question 19

During the process of giving birth in mammals, how do the fibres of the interpubic ligament behave?

A)Elastic fibres do not change, and collagen fibres slide in relation to each other.
B)Elastic fibres stretch, and collagen fibres stretch in relation to each other.
C)Elastic fibres stretch, and collagen fibres slide in relation to each other.
D)Elastic fibres slide, and collagen fibres slide in relation to each other.

Question 20

Which term refers to the unequal distribution of yolk in an egg?

A)neurulation
B)cleavage
C)polarity
D)involution

Question 21

What is the result when a dorsal lip from one newt embryo is attached to the ventral side of another newt embryo?

A)survival of only one newt
B)two separate newts
C)death of one newt
D)two attached newts

Question 22

Which cells stop dividing once they are fully formed?

A)bone cells
B)nerve cells in the brain
C)liver cells
D)cheek cells

Question 23

What is the key gene for head and thorax development?

A)the pair-rule gene, which is a paternal-effect gene
B)the bicoid gene, which is a maternal-effect gene
C)the bicoid gene, which is a paternal-effect gene
D)the pair-rule gene, which is a maternal-effect gene

Question 24

Which of the following determine the development of male or female sex organs in the human embryo?

A)genes on the X chromosome
B)genes on the Y chromosome
C)environmental factors
D)genes on the somatic chromosomes

Question 25

At what point in development is a human embryo considered to be a fetus?

A)at 10 weeks
B)at 8 weeks
C)at 4 weeks
D)at 2 weeks

Question 26

Which eye structure is matched appropriately with its developmental material?

A)cornea: ectoderm
B)lens: optic cup
C)retina: crystallin
D)retina: ectoderm

Question 27

Which hormones are responsible for the production of milk in the postpartum female?

A)Oxytocin stimulates the production of milk, and prolactin stimulates the secretion of milk.
B)Prolactin stimulates the production of milk, and oxytocin stimulates the secretion of milk.
C)Estrogen and progesterone are directly responsible for the production and secretion of milk.
D)Prolactin and estrogen stimulate the production and secretion of milk.

Question 28

Which of the following is an example of an escalation in parental investment?

A)moving young but not eggs inside the parent's body
B)moving eggs but not young inside the parent's body
C)moving eggs and young outside the parent's body
D)moving eggs and young inside the parent's body

Question 29

What do somites in mammals become?

A)digestive system components
B)skeletal muscle cells
C)extra-embryonic membranes
D)neurons

Question 30

How long is gestation in humans?

A)about 266 days
B)about 231 days
C)about 206 days
D)about 178 days

Question 31

During differentiation, why do organs develop with different numbers of cells?

A)because the microtubules rearrange
B)because the formation of myosin begins
C)because the cells migrate
D)because the length of interphase varies

Question 32

What is activated in response to induction by the optic vesicle?

A)apoptosis
B)genes coding for only crystallin
C)genes coding for only keratin
D)genes coding for crystallin and keratin

Question 33

What happened in the experiments where cytochalasin was added to a developing neural plate?

A)Cytochalasin had no effect on microfilament growth or invagination of the ectoderm.
B)Microfilament growth was enhanced and invagination of the ectoderm did not result.
C)Microfilament growth was impaired and invagination of the ectoderm resulted.
D)Microfilament growth was impaired and invagination of the ectoderm did not result.

Question 34

The symmetrical pattern of yolk distribution in a sea urchin represents the beginnings of radial symmetry.

Question 35

What are the primary tissue layers from which the chorion is produced?

A)the allantois and the allantoic membrane
B)the ectoderm and the mesoderm
C)the ectoderm and the endoderm
D)the endoderm and the mesoderm

Question 36

Which of these structures is derived from the neural crest cells?

A)nail
B)muscle
C)hair
D)teeth

Question 37

Which term refers to an extra-embryonic membrane that secretes fluid around the developing embryo?

A)the shell
B)the yolk sac
C)the amnion
D)the allantois

Question 38

In humans, what happens when the SRY gene of the Y chromosome becomes active at about week 7 of embryo development?

A)The Müllerian and Wolffian ducts both develop into female reproductive structures.
B)The Müllerian ducts develop into male reproductive structures and the Wolffian ducts disappear.
C)The Müllerian ducts disappear and the Wolffian ducts develop into male reproductive structures.
D)The Müllerian and Wolffian ducts both develop into male reproductive structures.

Question 39

An egg's polarity determines the orientation of body axes.

Question 40

What is apoptosis responsible for?

A)the ability of newly born kittens to open their eyelids
B)the ability of newly born kittens to walk
C)the generation of body axes
D)the generation of body symmetry

Question 41

The nervous system structures are derived from ectoderm.

Question 42

Match each term to its definition.
a.fluid-filled cavity within the blastomere
b.stage in which an embryo has three tissue layers
c.solid ball of blastomeres
d.opening that eventually becomes the anus
e.process that involves an increase in number of cells, but not an increase in mass
f.early stage in formation of the nervous system
g.second stage of cleavage; a formed hollow cavity
gastrula

Question 43

Describe how the selective adhesion property of cells was proven.

Question 44

How can an inappropriate neural tube formation provide you with insight to congenital diseases that involve incomplete neural tube closure?

Question 45

What is the immune function of the placenta in human embryo development?

Question 46

Match each term to its definition.
a.fluid-filled cavity within the blastomere
b.stage in which an embryo has three tissue layers
c.solid ball of blastomeres
d.opening that eventually becomes the anus
e.process that involves an increase in number of cells, but not an increase in mass
f.early stage in formation of the nervous system
g.second stage of cleavage; a formed hollow cavity
cleavage

Question 47

Match each term to its definition.
a.fluid-filled cavity within the blastomere
b.stage in which an embryo has three tissue layers
c.solid ball of blastomeres
d.opening that eventually becomes the anus
e.process that involves an increase in number of cells, but not an increase in mass
f.early stage in formation of the nervous system
g.second stage of cleavage; a formed hollow cavity
blastopore

Question 48

How does the location of the yolk in an egg influence its development?

Question 49

Match each term to its definition.
a.fluid-filled cavity within the blastomere
b.stage in which an embryo has three tissue layers
c.solid ball of blastomeres
d.opening that eventually becomes the anus
e.process that involves an increase in number of cells, but not an increase in mass
f.early stage in formation of the nervous system
g.second stage of cleavage; a formed hollow cavity
blastula

Question 50

The material in the grey crescent of a frog embryo is necessary for normal development.

Question 51

Match each term to its definition.
a.fluid-filled cavity within the blastomere
b.stage in which an embryo has three tissue layers
c.solid ball of blastomeres
d.opening that eventually becomes the anus
e.process that involves an increase in number of cells, but not an increase in mass
f.early stage in formation of the nervous system
g.second stage of cleavage; a formed hollow cavity
blastocoel

Question 52

Why could an ultrasound performed at week 4 of development be unable to determine the sex of a developing human fetus?

Question 53

Cells that undergo apoptosis are essential to the organism throughout its life.

Question 54

Cleavage in a frog embryo takes place more quickly in the vegetal half.

Question 55

Fate mapping is currently used to determine the embryonic origin of tissues in an adult. What possible applications do you see for this procedure in the future?

Question 56

Put the following mechanisms of development in the order they occur.
a.cell movements
b.determination
c.differentiation
d.induction
e.mitotic cell divisions
f.selective cell adhesions
first mechanism

Question 57

Match each term to its definition.
a.fluid-filled cavity within the blastomere
b.stage in which an embryo has three tissue layers
c.solid ball of blastomeres
d.opening that eventually becomes the anus
e.process that involves an increase in number of cells, but not an increase in mass
f.early stage in formation of the nervous system
g.second stage of cleavage; a formed hollow cavity
morula

Question 58

Match each term to its definition.
a.fluid-filled cavity within the blastomere
b.stage in which an embryo has three tissue layers
c.solid ball of blastomeres
d.opening that eventually becomes the anus
e.process that involves an increase in number of cells, but not an increase in mass
f.early stage in formation of the nervous system
g.second stage of cleavage; a formed hollow cavity
neural plate

Question 59

Chorionic villi eventually become the placenta.

Question 60

In terrestrial animals, such as birds, the embryo is exposed to a dry environment while in the egg.

Question 61

Match each term with its definition.
a.undifferentiated muscle cells
b.pigmented layer of cytoplasm opposite from point of entry of sperm
c.rounded layer of cells at the surface of yolk in birds
d.solid rod of tissue that is involved in neurulation
e.fingerlike extensions into the endometrium
f.clear fibrous protein
g.programmed cell death
h.event when a group of cells influences a nearby group of cells
induction

Question 62

Identify each labelled part of the illustration.
organogenesis

Question 63

Put the following mechanisms of development in the order they occur.
a.cell movements
b.determination
c.differentiation
d.induction
e.mitotic cell divisions
f.selective cell adhesions
third mechanism

Question 64

Put the following mechanisms of development in the order they occur.
a.cell movements
b.determination
c.differentiation
d.induction
e.mitotic cell divisions
f.selective cell adhesions
sixth mechanism

Question 65

Put the following mechanisms of development in the order they occur.
a.cell movements
b.determination
c.differentiation
d.induction
e.mitotic cell divisions
f.selective cell adhesions
second mechanism

Question 66

Match each term with its definition.
a.undifferentiated muscle cells
b.pigmented layer of cytoplasm opposite from point of entry of sperm
c.rounded layer of cells at the surface of yolk in birds
d.solid rod of tissue that is involved in neurulation
e.fingerlike extensions into the endometrium
f.clear fibrous protein
g.programmed cell death
h.event when a group of cells influences a nearby group of cells
chorionic villi

Question 67

Match each term with its definition.
a.undifferentiated muscle cells
b.pigmented layer of cytoplasm opposite from point of entry of sperm
c.rounded layer of cells at the surface of yolk in birds
d.solid rod of tissue that is involved in neurulation
e.fingerlike extensions into the endometrium
f.clear fibrous protein
g.programmed cell death
h.event when a group of cells influences a nearby group of cells
blastodisc

Question 68

Match each term with its definition.
a.undifferentiated muscle cells
b.pigmented layer of cytoplasm opposite from point of entry of sperm
c.rounded layer of cells at the surface of yolk in birds
d.solid rod of tissue that is involved in neurulation
e.fingerlike extensions into the endometrium
f.clear fibrous protein
g.programmed cell death
h.event when a group of cells influences a nearby group of cells
crystalline

Question 69

Match each term with its definition.
a.undifferentiated muscle cells
b.pigmented layer of cytoplasm opposite from point of entry of sperm
c.rounded layer of cells at the surface of yolk in birds
d.solid rod of tissue that is involved in neurulation
e.fingerlike extensions into the endometrium
f.clear fibrous protein
g.programmed cell death
h.event when a group of cells influences a nearby group of cells
myoblast

Question 70

Put the following mechanisms of development in the order they occur.
a.cell movements
b.determination
c.differentiation
d.induction
e.mitotic cell divisions
f.selective cell adhesions
fifth mechanism

Question 71

Identify each labelled part of the illustration.
fertilization

Question 72

Identify each labelled part of the illustration.
gastrulation

Question 73

Identify each labelled part of the illustration.
development into adult

Question 74

Identify each labelled part of the illustration.
cleavage

Question 75

Match each term with its definition.
a.undifferentiated muscle cells
b.pigmented layer of cytoplasm opposite from point of entry of sperm
c.rounded layer of cells at the surface of yolk in birds
d.solid rod of tissue that is involved in neurulation
e.fingerlike extensions into the endometrium
f.clear fibrous protein
g.programmed cell death
h.event when a group of cells influences a nearby group of cells
notochord

Question 76

Identify each labelled part of the illustration.
sexual reproduction

Question 77

Match each term with its definition.
a.undifferentiated muscle cells
b.pigmented layer of cytoplasm opposite from point of entry of sperm
c.rounded layer of cells at the surface of yolk in birds
d.solid rod of tissue that is involved in neurulation
e.fingerlike extensions into the endometrium
f.clear fibrous protein
g.programmed cell death
h.event when a group of cells influences a nearby group of cells
apoptosis

Question 78

Match each term with its definition.
a.undifferentiated muscle cells
b.pigmented layer of cytoplasm opposite from point of entry of sperm
c.rounded layer of cells at the surface of yolk in birds
d.solid rod of tissue that is involved in neurulation
e.fingerlike extensions into the endometrium
f.clear fibrous protein
g.programmed cell death
h.event when a group of cells influences a nearby group of cells
grey crescent

Question 79

Identify each labelled part of the illustration.
chorion

Question 80

Put the following mechanisms of development in the order they occur.
a.cell movements
b.determination
c.differentiation
d.induction
e.mitotic cell divisions
f.selective cell adhesions
fourth mechanism