Deck 25: Fungi

Question 1

What is the name of the multicellular fungi that grow as branching filaments?

A)hyphae
B)mycorrhizae
C)basidia
D)asci

Answer 1

A

Question 2

In terms of evolutionary history, which phylum contains fungi that were the first to diverge from the rest of the fungi?

A)Chytridiomycota
B)Ascomycota
C)Glomeromycota
D)Zygomycota

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following is the best definition of mycelium?

A)an association between a fungus and a plant root
B)a mass of hyphae
C)a mushroom
D)a fungal cell

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Based on recent comparisons of DNA and RNA sequences, what type of organisms are fungi most closely related to?

A)animals
B)bacteria
C)algae
D)plants

Question 5

Where do fungi perform digestion of organic molecules?

A)in special compartments called haustoria
B)in special compartments called arbuscules
C)in visible mushrooms
D)outside their cells

Question 6

Which substance typically provides rigidity to fungal cell walls?

A)starch
B)chitin
C)lignin
D)cellulose

Question 7

What is the name of the general mechanism of fungal reproduction?

A)conidia
B)spores
C)asci
D)fruiting bodies

Question 8

What is the general term for a state in which two organisms live together in close association?

A)parasitism
B)symbiosis
C)mutualism
D)commensalism

Question 9

Which term refers to the fusion of the cytoplasm of two genetically different cells?

A)karyogamy
B)osmosis
C)plasmogamy
D)symbiosis

Question 10

What is the genetic makeup of fungal spores?

A)They can be either diploid or dikaryotic.
B)They are always diploid.
C)They are always haploid.
D)They can be either haploid or diploid.

Question 11

Based on gene sequencing data, when did the lineages leading to animals and fungi appear to diverge from each other?

A)about 10 million years ago
B)about 125 million years ago
C)about 500 million years ago
D)about 1 billion years ago

Question 12

Suppose you are a researcher who has discovered a mutant fungus that produces extra-thick septa which allow for only minimal transfer of nutrients through them. Compared to the normal fungus, what would you expect the mutant to do?

A)grow more slowly
B)make more extensive use of cytoplasmic streaming
C)divide more rapidly
D)digest food more efficiently

Question 13

Based on molecular evidence, how long have fungi been present on land?

A)at least 125 million years
B)at least 250 million years
C)at least 500 million years
D)at least 760 million years

Question 14

Which fungal phylum includes members that are the only ones to produce motile spores?

A)Chytridiomycota
B)Glomeromycota
C)Basidiomycota
D)Zygomycota

Question 15

Which fungal phylum includes members that create a special, resistant zygospore during sexual reproduction?

A)Zygomycota
B)Ascomycota
C)Chytridiomycota
D)Basidiomycota

Question 16

Which type of habitat lifestyle did the first fungi probably have?

A)aquatic
B)arboreal
C)amphibious
D)airborne

Question 17

In fungal reproduction, what is the name of the process in which fusion of nuclei takes place?

A)cytoplasmic streaming
B)symbiosis
C)plasmogamy
D)karyogamy

Question 18

In addition to decomposition and decay, what is other major ecological role of the fungi?

A)assisting plants in mineral acquisition
B)producing medicines for humans
C)performing photosynthesis
D)digesting ant species

Question 19

Suppose you discover an aquatic fungus that makes spores which use flagella to swim. Into which group should you classify this fungus?

A)Chytridiomycota
B)Ascomycota
C)Basidiomycota
D)Glomeromycota

Question 20

What term refers to the process in fungi that allows nutrients to flow from food-absorbing parts of the fungal body to other nonabsorptive parts?

A)osmosis
B)cytoplasmic streaming
C)symbiosis
D)plasmogamy

Question 21

All known members of which fungal phylum form mutualistic associations with plant roots?

A)Chytridiomycota
B)Basidiomycota
C)Ascomycota
D)Glomeromycota

Question 22

What has been a consequence of the disease caused by the chytrid Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis?

A)the extinction of many species of frogs
B)the killing of trees in temperate forests
C)sexual transmission in humans
D)the killing of millions of humans each year

Question 23

Suppose that before examining a fungal cell under a microscope, you are told that it is a dikaryotic cell. What should you expect the cell to have?

A)two complete sets of chromosomes and two mycelia
B)two complete sets of chromosomes and two hyphae
C)two complete sets of chromosomes and two nuclei
D)two nuclei and two hyphae

Question 24

Which fungal phylum has members that are also called sac fungi?

A)Glomeromycota
B)Ascomycota
C)Chytridiomycota
D)Zygomycota

Question 25

Which fungal phylum are the structures called arbuscules associated with?

A)Glomeromycota
B)Zygomycota
C)Basidiomycota
D)Chytridiomycota

Question 26

Where does reproduction take place in glomeromycetes?

A)in the mycelium
B)in sporangia
C)at the tips of hyphae
D)in the vegetative thallus

Question 27

Molecular relationships and other studies have allowed for many conidial fungi to be reclassified into a fungal phylum. Which fungal phylum are most of these reclassified conidial fungi now assigned to?

A)Glomeromycota
B)Chytridiomycota
C)Basidiomycota
D)Ascomycota

Question 28

Which fungal phylum has the fewest known living species?

A)Basidiomycota
B)Ascomycota
C)Glomeromycota
D)Zygomycota

Question 29

What has the classification of fungi traditionally been based on?

A)on body type
B)on whether the fungus is a saprobe, a parasite, or in a mutual symbiosis
C)on mode of feeding
D)on structures that release sexual spores

Question 30

Which fungal phylum includes the black bread mould Rhizopus stolonifer and the dung-infesting fungi of the genus Pilobolus?

A)Basidiomycota
B)Chytridiomycota
C)Glomeromycota
D)Zygomycota

Question 31

Where does karyogamy occur in a zygomycete?

A)in the sporangia
B)in the asci
C)in the conidiophores
D)in the zygospore

Question 32

Which fungal phylum has members that make up roughly half of the fungi in the soil and help land plants by forming mycorrhizae with them?

A)Basidiomycota
B)Glomeromycota
C)Ascomycota
D)Zygomycota

Question 33

Which term applies to the chytrids?

A)aquatic
B)parasites of plants
C)symbiotic partners of cattle and other herbivores
D)saprobes in soil

Question 34

Which fungal phylum includes some species that use a trapping behaviour by which small worms are ensnared and then digested?

A)Basidiomycota
B)Glomeromycota
C)Ascomycota
D)Zygomycota

Question 35

Which group includes the bread mould Rhizopus?

A)Chytridiomycota
B)Zygomycota
C)Basidiomycota
D)Ascomycota

Question 36

Which fungal phylum has the most known living species?

A)Chytridiomycota
B)Ascomycota
C)Zygomycota
D)Glomeromycota

Question 37

Suppose that you discover a fungus that makes mainly asexual spores, but which occasionally makes sexual spores. When produced, the sexual spores come out of a thickened, hardened structure. Also suppose that a close examination of hyphae of this fungus reveals no septa. Into which group should you classify this fungus?

A)Zygomycota
B)Glomeromycota
C)Basidiomycota
D)Chytridiomycota

Question 38

Which of the following describes the offspring of asexually produced spores?

A)They have a different mating type from the parent fungus.
B)They are clones of the parent fungus.
C)They are unable to reproduce.
D)They have no mating type.

Question 39

Which fungal phylum includes organisms that are of significant value to humans, such as the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, antibiotic-producing species of Penicillium, truffles, and morels?

A)Ascomycota
B)Basidiomycota
C)Chytridiomycota
D)Glomeromycota

Question 40

Which of the following are generally used to refer to mating types in fungi?

A)male and female
B)plus and minus
C)sperm and egg
D)á and â

Question 41

In a lichen that is in a mutually beneficial relationship, what does the mycobiont receive?

A)aid in sexual reproduction
B)enhanced dispersal of offspring
C)nutrients
D)protection from herbivory

Question 42

Where does production of asexual spores in ascomycetes often occur?

A)on sporangia
B)on zygospores
C)on conidiophores
D)on basidia

Question 43

Which fungal phylum includes pathogenic members that are responsible for such things as ergotism, athlete's foot, aflatoxins, thrush, and vaginal yeast infections?

A)Ascomycota
B)Basidiomycota
C)Glomeromycota
D)Zygomycota

Question 44

Suppose that you discover a fungus that makes both sexual and asexual spores. Suppose also that the sexual spores are made in groups of eight within a structure that bursts open to release the spores. And the structures containing sexual spores are found within a multicellular structure that is about 13 cm tall. Into which group should you classify this fungus?

A)Basidiomycota
B)Zygomycota
C)Glomeromycota
D)Ascomycota

Question 45

Where does karyogamy occur in ascomycetes?

A)in zygospores
B)in basidia
C)in asci
D)in conidiophores

Question 46

Where does karyogamy occur in basidiomycetes?

A)in sporangia
B)in asci
C)in zygospores
D)in basidia

Question 47

Suppose you discover a fungus that makes only sexual spores (no asexual spores). The spores are made in groups of four on the tips of club-shaped structures. Into which group should you classify this fungus?

A)Zygomycota
B)Basidiomycota
C)Glomeromycota
D)Chytridiomycota

Question 48

Which term refers to a cell cluster that contains both algal and hyphal cells and is used for asexual reproduction in lichens?

A)a haustorium
B)a soredium
C)an arbuscule
D)a thallus

Question 49

Where does production of sexual spores in basidiomycetes occur?

A)on asci
B)on sporangia
C)on basidia
D)on zygospores

Question 50

Which fungal phylum includes the fly agaric mushroom (Amanita muscaria) and the death cap mushroom (Amanita phalloides)?

A)Zygomycota
B)Glomeromycota
C)Chytridiomycota
D)Basidiomycota

Question 51

What is the distinctive characteristic of conidial fungi?

A)They are unicellular.
B)They have no known sexual phase.
C)They have a haploid phase in their life cycle.
D)They have a dikaryotic phase in their life cycle.

Question 52

Which part of a basidiomycete is the basidiocarp?

A)the haploid life cycle stage
B)the feeding stage
C)the infecting vessel
D)the reproductive body

Question 53

Which fungal phylum includes members that are also called club fungi?

A)Chytridiomycota
B)Basidiomycota
C)Glomeromycota
D)Zygomycota

Question 54

Where does production of sexual spores in ascomycetes occur?

A)in sporangia
B)in zygospores
C)in asci
D)in conidiophores

Question 55

In eastern Oregon, the mycelium of a single individual Armillaria ostoyae covers an area of 8.9 km². Which fungal phylum does it belong to?

A)Chytridiomycota
B)Glomeromycota
C)Ascomycota
D)Basidiomycota

Question 56

Which term refers to a single vegetative body that contains both a fungus and a green alga?

A)haustorium
B)arbuscule
C)ectomycorrhiza
D)lichen

Question 57

Which term refers to the tough, pliable body of a lichen?

A)thallus
B)arbuscule
C)haustorium
D)soredium

Question 58

Which of the following describes the dikaryotic stage of a fungal life cycle in genetic terms?

A)2n
B)n + n
C)n
D)2n + n

Question 59

What does the toxin á-amanitin inhibit in order to have its deadly effects on humans?

A)peptide bond formation
B)RNA polymerase
C)muscle contraction
D)active transport

Question 60

Which fungal phylum includes organisms traditionally called mushrooms, as well as shelf fungi, coral fungi, bird's nest fungi, stinkhorns, and puffballs?

A)Chytridiomycota
B)Basidiomycota
C)Glomeromycota
D)Ascomycota

Question 61

Which term refers to a mutualistic symbiosis where fungal hyphae penetrate plant root cells?

A)an ectomycorrhiza
B)an arbuscular mycorrhiza
C)a lichen
D)a haustorium

Question 62

Match each term with the most closely associated fungal phylum. Each phylum may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
a.Glomeromycota
b.Basidiomycota
c.Chytridiomycota
d.Zygomycota
e.Ascomycota
zygospore

Question 63

In a mycorrhizal association, what is the main way that the fungus benefits?

A)by providing water to the plant
B)by absorbing water from the plant
C)by using the plant roots as a growth surface
D)by absorbing carbohydrates from the plant

Question 64

Match each term with the most closely associated fungal phylum. Each phylum may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
a.Glomeromycota
b.Basidiomycota
c.Chytridiomycota
d.Zygomycota
e.Ascomycota
aseptate hyphae

Question 65

Explain the difference between plasmogamy and karyogamy.

Question 66

Suppose that you discover a fungus that is associated with plant roots, with hyphae that actually penetrate the root cells, and it produces tree-like structures within the root cells. Into which group should you classify this fungus?

A)Chytridiomycota
B)Basidiomycota
C)Zygomycota
D)Glomeromycota

Question 67

What is the main benefit that a plant receives from a mycorrhizal association?

A)removal of excess carbohydrates
B)enhanced water uptake
C)enhanced flow of carbohydrates to the roots
D)enhanced mineral ion uptake

Question 68

Which term refers to a mutualistic symbiosis where fungal hyphae grow between and around plant roots but do NOT penetrate plant root cells?

A)an arbuscule
B)an endomycorrhiza
C)a lichen
D)an ectomycorrhiza

Question 69

Match each term with the most closely associated fungal phylum. Each phylum may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
a.Glomeromycota
b.Basidiomycota
c.Chytridiomycota
d.Zygomycota
e.Ascomycota
ascocarp

Question 70

Describe the major roles of fungi that affect humans and their environment.

Question 71

Match each term with the most closely associated fungal phylum. Each phylum may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
a.Glomeromycota
b.Basidiomycota
c.Chytridiomycota
d.Zygomycota
e.Ascomycota
basidiocarp

Question 72

Which term correctly describes yeast?

A)single-celled fungi
B)single-celled protists
C)multicellular plants
D)multicellular fungi

Question 73

In a lichen that is in a mutually beneficial relationship, what does the photobiont usually receive?

A)aid in sexual reproduction
B)shelter from radiation and desiccation
C)protection from herbivory
D)enhanced dispersal of offspring

Question 74

Match each term with the most closely associated fungal phylum. Each phylum may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
a.Glomeromycota
b.Basidiomycota
c.Chytridiomycota
d.Zygomycota
e.Ascomycota
motile spores

Question 75

Match each term with the most closely associated fungal phylum. Each phylum may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
a.Glomeromycota
b.Basidiomycota
c.Chytridiomycota
d.Zygomycota
e.Ascomycota
arbuscular mycorrhizae

Question 76

Match each term with the most closely associated fungal phylum. Each phylum may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
a.Glomeromycota
b.Basidiomycota
c.Chytridiomycota
d.Zygomycota
e.Ascomycota
ectomycorrhizae

Question 77

Which of the following is an important difference between lichen and plant physiology?

A)Lichens are photosynthetic.
B)Lichens contain chlorophyll.
C)Lichens grow slowly.
D)Lichens do not control water loss.

Question 78

Match each term with the most closely associated fungal phylum. Each phylum may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
a.Glomeromycota
b.Basidiomycota
c.Chytridiomycota
d.Zygomycota
e.Ascomycota
Rhizopus stolonifer

Question 79

According to the fossil record, which of the following were common among ancient land plants?

A)fungal infections
B)haustoria
C)arbuscular mycorrhizae
D)ectomycorrhizae

Question 80

Match each term with the most closely associated fungal phylum. Each phylum may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
a.Glomeromycota
b.Basidiomycota
c.Chytridiomycota
d.Zygomycota
e.Ascomycota
Saccharomyces cerevisiae