Deck 22: Bacteria and Archaea

Question 1

Which type of cell contains a nuclear membrane?

A)Eukarya
B)Prokarya
C)Bacteria
D)Archaea

Answer 1

A

Question 2

What are the three domains of life?

A)animals, plants, and microorganisms
B)Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, and Eukaryota
C)Prokaryota, Eukaryota, and Protoctista
D)Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya

Answer 2

D

Question 3

In the figure of a bacterial cell, which type of cell is represented?

A)a Gram-positive bacterium
B)any prokaryotic cell
C)an archaeal cell
D)a Gram-negative bacterium

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Suppose you perform a Gram stain of a mixed culture of Gram-positive and Gram-negative cells, and afterwards you realize that you omitted the iodine step. What would you expect to see if you observed the slide under the microscope?

A)colourless Gram-positive and pink Gram-negative cells
B)purple Gram-positive and pink Gram-negative cells
C)pink Gram-positive and pink Gram-negative cells
D)colourless Gram-positive and colourless Gram-negative cells

Question 5

What is the composition of the genome of prokaryotes?

A)a single linear DNA molecule
B)a single circular DNA molecule
C)many linear DNA molecules
D)a single DNA molecule that may be circular or linear

Question 6

In the figure of a bacterial cell, which number identifies the structure that carries out protein synthesis?

A)2
B)4
C)5
D)9

Question 7

In the figure of a bacterial cell, which number identifies the structure that carries supplemental genetic information?

A)1
B)2
C)4
D)5

Question 8

In the figure of a bacterial cell, which number identifies the structure that facilitates movement?

A)5
B)4
C)3
D)1

Question 9

Where is DNA found in prokaryotes?

A)only in the nucleolus
B)only in plasmids
C)in the nucleolus and plasmids
D)in the nucleoid and plasmids

Question 10

What is the major structural component of bacterial cell walls?
a.cellulose
b.arabinogalactan
c.peptidoglycan
d.proteoglycan

Question 11

Which term refers to prokaryotes that are cylindrical?

A)cocci
B)spirilla
C)vibrios
D)bacilli

Question 12

Which of the following contain cytoplasmic organelles?

A)Archaea
B)Mercaria
C)Eukarya
D)Bacteria

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the type of bacteria found in your guts?

A)They are less similar to that of your family than to people unrelated to you, and are not unique to you.
B)They are less similar to that of your family than to people unrelated to you, but are still unique to you.
C)They are more similar to that of your family than to people unrelated to you, and are not unique to you.
D)They are more similar to that of your family than to people unrelated to you, but are still unique to you.

Question 14

Over 6000 species of prokaryotes have been identified. What percentage of the total number of prokaryotic species on Earth does this represent?

A)1%
B)10%
C)30%
D)90%

Question 15

Which of the following is the function of bacteria found in human guts?

A)to synthesize vitamin A
B)to synthesize vitamin C
C)to synthesize vitamin K
D)to synthesize vitamin B

Question 16

In the figure of a bacterial cell, which number identifies a structure that is composed of polysaccharides?

A)1
B)3
C)6
D)9

Question 17

In the figure of a bacterial cell, which number identifies a structure that aids in attachment?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)8

Question 18

What is the correct sequence of the reagents in the Gram stain technique?

A)safranin, crystal violet, alcohol, iodine
B)alcohol, iodine, crystal violet, safranin
C)crystal violet, iodine, alcohol, safranin
D)iodine, alcohol, safranin, crystal violet

Question 19

Which organisms stain as either Gram-positive or Gram-negative?

A)Bacteria
B)Mercaria
C)Archaea
D)Eukarya

Question 20

In the figure of a bacterial cell, which numbers identify structures that are found in all prokaryotes?

A)1 and 5
B)2 and 4
C)5 and 9
D)7 and 8

Question 21

In the figure of a phylogenetic tree, which branch identifies a kingdom?

A)branch B
B)branch C
C)branch D
D)branch E

Question 22

In the figure of a phylogenetic tree, which branch identifies the common ancestor of all modern organisms?

A)branch A
B)branch B
C)branch C
D)branch D

Question 23

Which type of metabolism is unique to prokaryotes?

A)chemoheterotroph
B)photoheterotroph
C)photolithotroph
D)photoautotroph

Question 24

Which of the following contain prokaryotic organisms that are pathogenic to humans?

A)Archaea
B)Eukarya
C)Bacteria
D)Mercaria

Question 25

What mechanism of reproduction is most common in bacteria?

A)sexual reproduction: binary fission
B)asexual reproduction: binary fission
C)asexual reproduction: budding
D)sexual reproduction: meiosis

Question 26

Which phrase describes a bacterial flagellum?

A)It is the same in composition as archaeal flagellum.
B)It is made of rigid helical proteins,
C)It enables bacteria to adhere to a surface.
D)It enables bacteria to move along a surface.

Question 27

Which term refers to a bacterial protein that causes disease only after the cell has been disrupted?

A)endospore
B)heterocyst
C)endotoxin
D)exotoxin

Question 28

Which organisms obtain carbon from CO₂?

A)auxotrophs
B)heterotrophs
C)autotrophs
D)chemotrophs

Question 29

Which bacteria produce the botulism toxin?

A)Clostridium
B)Salmonella
C)Escherichia
D)Staphylococcus

Question 30

What do capsules protect bacteria from?

A)osmotic lysis
B)invaders
C)radiation
D)viruses

Question 31

What are lipopolysaccharides associated with?

A)the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria
B)the plasma membrane of Gram-positive bacteria
C)the plasma membrane of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria
D)the plasma membrane of Gram-negative bacteria

Question 32

Which of the following best describes the process of nitrification?

A)NH₄⁺ N₂
B)N₂ NO₃-
C)NO₃- N₂
D)NH₄⁺ NO₃-

Question 33

Which of the following characterizes Gram-positive bacteria?

A)the presence of an outer membrane
B)the absence of ribosomes
C)the presence of a thick cell wall
D)the absence of a cell wall

Question 34

Which organisms obtain energy from sunlight?

A)chemotrophs
B)phototrophs
C)autotrophs
D)heterotrophs

Question 35

Why is the process of nitrogen fixation by prokaryotes essential?

A)It converts atmospheric nitrogen to a nontoxic form.
B)It allows for the breakdown of complex macromolecules.
C)It removes nitrogen from the soil.
D)It provides nitrogen sources for plants and animals.

Question 36

Which type of bacteria grows in either the presence or the absence of oxygen?

A)obligate aerobes and obligate anaerobes
B)facultative anaerobes only
C)obligate anaerobes and facultative anaerobes
D)obligate anaerobes only

Question 37

Which process contributes to prokaryotic genetic variability?

A)binary fission
B)horizontal gene transfer
C)nitrogen fixation
D)mutation

Question 38

Which organisms obtain energy by oxidizing organic or inorganic substances?

A)auxotrophs
B)autotrophs
C)chemotrophs
D)phototrophs

Question 39

What is the order of the cell layers, from most external to most internal?

A)cell wall, cell membrane, capsule
B)cell membrane, capsule, cell wall
C)capsule, cell membrane, cell wall
D)capsule, cell wall, cell membrane

Question 40

How long does it take for a biofilm to form?
a.seconds to minutes
b.minutes to hours
c.days to months
d.months to years

Question 41

From what environment were Archaea first isolated?

A)from salt lakes
B)from Mars
C)from freshwater lakes
D)from a human patient

Question 42

Which genus contains Gram-positive bacteria?

A)Neisseria
B)Staphylococcus
C)Kokuria
D)Salmonella

Question 43

In the figure of a phylogenetic tree, which branch identifies Archaea?

A)branch A
B)branch B
C)branch D
D)branch E

Question 44

In the figure of a phylogenetic tree, which branch identifies Eukarya?

A)branch A
B)branch C
C)branch D
D)branch E

Question 45

Which of the following produce N-formylmethionine as their first amino acid in protein synthesis?

A)Mercaria
B)Archaea
C)Bacteria
D)Eukarya

Question 46

Which organisms contain prokaryotic histonlike proteins?

A)Archaea
B)Mercaria
C)Eukarya
D)Bacteria

Question 47

In what way is proteobacterial photosynthesis different from plant photosynthesis?

A)Proteobacterial photosynthesis does not use a proton gradient.
B)Proteobacterial photosynthesis does not consume CO₂.
C)Proteobacterial photosynthesis uses water as an electron donor.
D)Proteobacterial photosynthesis uses a different type of chlorophyll.

Question 48

Which organisms contain branched membrane lipids with ether linkages?

A)Eukarya
B)Mercaria
C)Archaea
D)Bacteria

Question 49

Which category contains organisms that have mitochondria?

A)Bacteria
B)Archaea
C)Eukarya
D)Mercaria

Question 50

Which of the following are among the Archaea that have been cultured in the laboratory?

A)Crenarchaeota and Korarchaeota
B)Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota
C)Nanoarchaeota and Korarchaeota
D)Euryarchaeota and Nanoarchaeota

Question 51

Which of the following is likely the oldest known lineage in the Archaea?

A)Crenarchaeota
B)Nanoarchaeota
C)Korarchaeota
D)Euryarchaeota

Question 52

In which major taxonomic group of Archaea are the methanogens found?

A)Crenarchaeota
B)Korarchaeota
C)Nanoarchaeota
D)Euryarchaeota

Question 53

Which category includes the cyanobacteria?

A)chemoautotrophs
B)photoheterotrophs
C)photoautotrophs
D)chemoheterotrophs

Question 54

What is the approximate number of distinct evolutionary branches in the domain Archaea, as revealed by genome sequencing studies?

A)3 to 4
B)9 to 10
C)at least 12
D)at least 20

Question 55

What are believed to be the evolutionary ancestors of mitochondria?

A)ancient Archaea
B)ancient proteobacteria
C)ancient green bacteria
D)ancient cyanobacteria

Question 56

Which type of bacteria has the smallest type of cell?

A)mycoplasmas
B)Lactobacillus
C)Clostridium
D)Staphylococcus

Question 57

Which category includes most of the bacteria that cause human disease?

A)photoautotrophs
B)photoheterotrophs
C)chemoautotrophs
D)chemoheterotrophs

Question 58

What was the basis on which prokaryotes were split into two domains?

A)according to differences in cell membrane properties
B)according to differences in cell wall composition
C)according to differences in staining characteristics
D)according to differences in rRNA sequences

Question 59

Which phrase describes proteobacteria?

A)They are Gram-positive and include the purple bacteria.
B)They are Gram-negative and include the green bacteria.
C)They are Gram-negative and include the purple bacteria.
D)They are Gram-positive and include the green bacteria.

Question 60

In the figure of a phylogenetic tree, which branch identifies Bacteria?

A)branch B
B)branch C
C)branch D
D)branch E

Question 61

Chlamydias are bacteria that possess cell walls, but lack peptidoglycan.

Question 62

Match each prokaryotic genus with its correct description.
a.causes anthrax
b.fixes nitrogen
c.causes syphilis
d.loves very high temperatures
e.causes endotoxin shock
f.helps in the production of yogurt
g.causes necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating disease)
h.loves toxic H₂S gas
i.causes gonorrhea
j.produces CH₄
k.causes trachoma (a preventable form of blindness)
Neisseria

Question 63

Match each prokaryotic genus with its correct description.
a.causes anthrax
b.fixes nitrogen
c.causes syphilis
d.loves very high temperatures
e.causes endotoxin shock
f.helps in the production of yogurt
g.causes necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating disease)
h.loves toxic H₂S gas
i.causes gonorrhea
j.produces CH₄
k.causes trachoma (a preventable form of blindness)
Salmonella

Question 64

Match each prokaryotic genus with its correct description.
a.causes anthrax
b.fixes nitrogen
c.causes syphilis
d.loves very high temperatures
e.causes endotoxin shock
f.helps in the production of yogurt
g.causes necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating disease)
h.loves toxic H₂S gas
i.causes gonorrhea
j.produces CH₄
k.causes trachoma (a preventable form of blindness)
methanogen

Question 65

Snottites are biofilms found in deep caves that are filled with toxic H₂S gas, and are formed by archaea.

Question 66

Match each prokaryotic genus with its correct description.
a.causes anthrax
b.fixes nitrogen
c.causes syphilis
d.loves very high temperatures
e.causes endotoxin shock
f.helps in the production of yogurt
g.causes necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating disease)
h.loves toxic H₂S gas
i.causes gonorrhea
j.produces CH₄
k.causes trachoma (a preventable form of blindness)
Treponema

Question 67

Organisms that live optimally in cold temperatures are called barophiles.

Question 68

Archaea have multiple types of RNA polymerase.

Question 69

List and discuss five structures in bacteria that allow them to cause disease.

Question 70

Match each prokaryotic genus with its correct description.
a.causes anthrax
b.fixes nitrogen
c.causes syphilis
d.loves very high temperatures
e.causes endotoxin shock
f.helps in the production of yogurt
g.causes necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating disease)
h.loves toxic H₂S gas
i.causes gonorrhea
j.produces CH₄
k.causes trachoma (a preventable form of blindness)
snottite bacteria

Question 71

Match each prokaryotic genus with its correct description.
a.causes anthrax
b.fixes nitrogen
c.causes syphilis
d.loves very high temperatures
e.causes endotoxin shock
f.helps in the production of yogurt
g.causes necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating disease)
h.loves toxic H₂S gas
i.causes gonorrhea
j.produces CH₄
k.causes trachoma (a preventable form of blindness)
Chlamydia

Question 72

No members of the Korarchaeota have been isolated and cultivated in the lab, but their DNA samples help us recognize them.

Question 73

Spirilli are Gram-negative bacteria that possess internal flagella, which cause the entire cell to twist in a corkscrew pattern.

Question 74

Match each prokaryotic genus with its correct description.
a.causes anthrax
b.fixes nitrogen
c.causes syphilis
d.loves very high temperatures
e.causes endotoxin shock
f.helps in the production of yogurt
g.causes necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating disease)
h.loves toxic H₂S gas
i.causes gonorrhea
j.produces CH₄
k.causes trachoma (a preventable form of blindness)
Pyrobolus

Question 75

Match each prokaryotic genus with its correct description.
a.causes anthrax
b.fixes nitrogen
c.causes syphilis
d.loves very high temperatures
e.causes endotoxin shock
f.helps in the production of yogurt
g.causes necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating disease)
h.loves toxic H₂S gas
i.causes gonorrhea
j.produces CH₄
k.causes trachoma (a preventable form of blindness)
Rhizhobium

Question 76

Match each prokaryotic genus with its correct description.
a.causes anthrax
b.fixes nitrogen
c.causes syphilis
d.loves very high temperatures
e.causes endotoxin shock
f.helps in the production of yogurt
g.causes necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating disease)
h.loves toxic H₂S gas
i.causes gonorrhea
j.produces CH₄
k.causes trachoma (a preventable form of blindness)
Bacillus

Question 77

Discuss why Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria stain differently with the Gram stain. How is this difference reflected in antibiotic sensitivity/resistance?

Question 78

Match each prokaryotic genus with its correct description.
a.causes anthrax
b.fixes nitrogen
c.causes syphilis
d.loves very high temperatures
e.causes endotoxin shock
f.helps in the production of yogurt
g.causes necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating disease)
h.loves toxic H₂S gas
i.causes gonorrhea
j.produces CH₄
k.causes trachoma (a preventable form of blindness)
Streptococcus

Question 79

Match each prokaryotic genus with its correct description.
a.causes anthrax
b.fixes nitrogen
c.causes syphilis
d.loves very high temperatures
e.causes endotoxin shock
f.helps in the production of yogurt
g.causes necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating disease)
h.loves toxic H₂S gas
i.causes gonorrhea
j.produces CH₄
k.causes trachoma (a preventable form of blindness)
Lactobacillus

Question 80

Extracellular polymer substance (EPS) is a slimy, gluelike substance produced by bacteria to facilitate the formation of endospores.