Question 1

As a result of DNA methylation:&#10;A)the heritability coefficient for the trait associated with the methylated gene will decrease.&#10;B)the DNA sequence of the methylated gene will be altered.&#10;C)traits associated with the methylated gene will be expressed.&#10;D)the methylated gene will not be expressed.

Accepted Answer

DNA methylation is a process by which a methyl group is added to a cytosine nucleotide in DNA, typically in the context of CpG dinucleotides. Methylation of the promoter region of a gene can lead to gene silencing, preventing the transcription of the gene into mRNA and subsequent translation into protein. Thus, the methylated gene will not be expressed.

Question 2

Split-brain studies have revealed that:&#10;A)information is processed in the same hemisphere as it is received.&#10;B)certain tasks and behaviors seem to be localized to either the left or right hemisphere.&#10;C)the corpus callosum does not help the two hemispheres exchange information.&#10;D)the right and left hemispheres have no independent functions.

Accepted Answer

Split-brain studies have revealed that certain tasks and behaviors seem to be localized to either the left or right hemisphere. For example, language abilities are largely localized to the left hemisphere, whereas spatial abilities are largely localized to the right hemisphere.

Question 3

The myelinated sheath of an axon:&#10;A)functions as a protective barrier to guard against disease.&#10;B)allows for faster transmission of signals to other neurons, organs, or muscles.&#10;C)receives information from other neurons.&#10;D)keeps the cell body alive.

Accepted Answer

The myelinated sheath of an axon allows for faster transmission of signals to other neurons, organs, or muscles. It acts as an insulator, which increases the rate of the electrical signals traveling down the axon, reducing the amount of energy required for the signal to reach its destination.

Answer: D
 The myelinated sheath of an axon does not keep the cell body alive, but rather provides insulation to support the transfer of electrical signals between neurons, organs, or muscles.  The cell body is responsible for the maintenance of the entire neuron, including the production of proteins, lipids, enzymes, and other molecules that are crucial for cellular functioning.

Question 4

The division of the peripheral nervous system most commonly associated with the &#34;fight-or-flight&#34; response is the _____ nervous system.&#10;A)sympathetic&#10;B)parasympathetic&#10;C)somatic&#10;D)cardiovascular

Accepted Answer

The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the "fight-or-flight" response, which is a physiological response to stress that prepares the body for intense physical activity. It increases heart rate, dilates pupils, and inhibits digestion, among other effects. The parasympathetic nervous system, on the other hand, is responsible for the "rest-and-digest" response, which allows the body to conserve energy and promote digestion and relaxation. The somatic nervous system controls voluntary movement and the cardiovascular system is responsible for the circulation of blood and lymph.

Question 5

An electroencephalogram is a beneficial tool for:&#10;A)determining cause and effect between brain function and behavior.&#10;B)determining the amount of brain activity during different states of consciousness.&#10;C)localizing the regions of the brain responsible for various cognitive processes.&#10;D)obtaining a high resolution scan of the various brain structures.

Accepted Answer

An electroencephalogram (EEG) can measure the amount of brain activity during different states of consciousness, such as during sleep, wakefulness, or during the performance of certain tasks. It measures electrical activity in the brain through sensors on the scalp, and can help diagnose conditions such as epilepsy or sleep disorders. While it can provide information about the location of certain brain activity, it is not always able to localize regions responsible for cognitive processes. Additionally, it is not a high resolution scan of brain structures.

Question 6

Which brain region is NOT involved with movement?&#10;A)hippocampus&#10;B)basal ganglia&#10;C)motor cortex&#10;D)tegmentum

Accepted Answer

The hippocampus is primarily involved in memory formation and spatial awareness, not movement. The basal ganglia, motor cortex, and tegmentum are all involved in movement control.

Question 7

By blocking the reuptake of dopamine and _____, amphetamine functions as a strong _____.&#10;A)acetylcholine; agonist&#10;B)acetylcholine; antagonist&#10;C)norepinephrine; agonist&#10;D)norepinephrine; antagonist

Accepted Answer

Amphetamine blocks the reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine, causing an increase in their levels in the synaptic cleft. This results in an increase in overall neural activity and makes amphetamine an agonist.

Question 8

The major advantage of fMRI over PET is that fMRI:&#10;A)measures both brain structure and function.&#10;B)allows for cause-and-effect determinations to be made.&#10;C)does not involve the use of an expensive machine that generates magnetic pulses.&#10;D)allows for the measurement of brain activity on a much shorter time scale.

Accepted Answer

fMRI allows for the measurement of brain activity on a much shorter time scale compared to PET. PET measures brain activity indirectly through the detection of radioactive tracers, which take longer to accumulate in the brain and decay. fMRI measures changes in blood flow and oxygen levels, which occur more quickly in response to brain activity.

Question 9

Heritability scores higher than 0 but less than 1.00 indicate the:&#10;A)interaction between genetics and the environment in producing a particular trait.&#10;B)contribution of genetics alone in producing all behaviors.&#10;C)contribution of environmental factors alone in producing all behaviors.&#10;D)role of specific genes in influencing behavior.

Accepted Answer

Heritability scores between 0 and 1 indicate that genetics and the environment both play a role in producing a particular trait or behavior. This means that the contribution of genetics alone is not enough to fully explain the behavior, and that environmental factors also play a role in shaping the behavior. Therefore, choice A is the best answer. Choices B and C are incorrect as they suggest that either genetics or the environment alone are responsible for all behaviors, which is not supported by the evidence. Choice D is partially correct, as specific genes can influence behavior, but it does not account for the role of environmental factors in shaping behavior.

Question 10

Denton could pitch a baseball in what looked like an effortless and smooth movement. What part of the hindbrain is most associated with this highly coordinated motion?&#10;A)pons&#10;B)cerebellum&#10;C)medulla&#10;D)spinal cord

Accepted Answer

The cerebellum is responsible for coordinating fine movements, including those involved in sports like pitching a baseball. The pons and medulla oblongata are more involved in regulating basic bodily functions like breathing and heart rate, while the spinal cord is primarily responsible for transmitting signals between the brain and the rest of the body.

Question 11

In order to process information from the external world, _____ receive input from the body and transfer the information to the brain through the spinal cord.&#10;A)sensory neurons&#10;B)motor neurons&#10;C)glial cells&#10;D)interneurons

Accepted Answer

The answer of In order to process information from the...

Question 12

The typical state of a neuron is the _____ potential, but when electrical signals stimulate it to its threshold, the _____ is immediately observed.&#10;A)resting; refractory period&#10;B)resting; action potential&#10;C)action; resting potential&#10;D)action; refractory period

Accepted Answer

The answer of The typical state of a neuron is...

Question 13

Chemicals that pass information across the tiny gap between neurons are called:&#10;A)neurotransmitters.&#10;B)receptors.&#10;C)terminal buttons.&#10;D)the synapse.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Chemicals that pass information across the tiny...

Question 14

Which statement is NOT true of dopamine?&#10;A)Dopamine is involved in associating a reward with the behavior that produced it.&#10;B)Low levels of dopamine impair motor functioning.&#10;C)High levels of dopamine have been linked to schizophrenia.&#10;D)High levels of dopamine are associated with low mood levels.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which statement is NOT true of dopamine?&#10;A)Dopamine...

Question 15

The parietal lobe is MOST associated with the sense of:&#10;A)vision.&#10;B)touch.&#10;C)hearing.&#10;D)smell.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The parietal lobe is MOST associated with...

Question 16

Neurons _____ connected physically and communicate with each other at the _____.&#10;A)are; synapse&#10;B)are not; synapse&#10;C)are; dendrites&#10;D)are not; axons

Accepted Answer

The answer of Neurons _____ connected physically and communicate with...

Question 17

The _____ nervous system processes and coordinates sensory input from the body in order to send signals from the brain and spinal cord back to the muscles and bones in the body.&#10;A)peripheral&#10;B)sympathetic&#10;C)autonomic&#10;D)central

Accepted Answer

The answer of The _____ nervous system processes and coordinates...

Deck 3: Section 5: Neuroscience and Behavior