Deck 1: Section 4 : Psychology: Evolution of a Science

Question 1

Functionalists depended on introspection to study subjective observations of personal experience.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Today, most psychologists believe that the mind is what the brain does.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Broca's research was consistent with Hobbes' philosophical position that mental processes were grounded in the brain.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The classical Greek philosophers tested their theories using the scientific method.

Question 5

Broca's research was consistent with Descartes' philosophical position that mental processes were grounded in the brain.

Question 6

Wilhelm Wundt was most interested in how consciousness is an adaptive feature of the human existence.

Question 7

Psychology is universally defined as the scientific study of observable behavior.

Question 8

Wilhelm Wundt first used reaction time to measure the speed of a nervous impulse.

Question 9

Experiencing emotion usually interferes with the ability to engage in adaptive behavior.

Question 10

Plato believed that certain types of knowledge are innate or inborn.

Question 11

Introspection as a scientific method failed because it did not generate replicable observations.

Question 12

Franz Joseph Gall asserted that the size of bumps or indentations on the skull reflected the size of the brain regions beneath and thus indicated personality traits.

Question 13

Wilhelm Wundt believed that consciousness could be broken down into its component parts.

Question 14

Wilhelm Wundt opened the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig in 1879.

Question 15

Philosophical empiricists believe that certain knowledge is innate.

Question 16

As one progresses from novice to expert at playing the piano, the brain areas controlling finger movement become less active while playing.

Question 17

Today, most psychologists believe that the mind and brain are separate physical entities.

Question 18

René Descartes believed that the brain and the mind are fundamentally the same thing.

Question 19

The Greek philosopher most associated with philosophical empiricism is Aristotle.

Question 20

Helmholtz developed introspection as a tool for understanding the structure of consciousness.

Question 21

Functionalists focused their attention on the adaptive features of observable behavior.

Question 22

The structuralist approach gradually faded, mostly because of the inadequacies of psychoanalysis.

Question 23

Wilhelm Wundt opened an early psychology laboratory in the United States at Cornell University.

Question 24

Freud's theories have proven difficult to test.

Question 25

William James brought Wundt's structuralist school of psychology to the United States.

Question 26

The greatest contribution of psychoanalysis was the research in experimental psychology that it generated.

Question 27

Freud believed that unconscious mental processes shape feelings, thoughts, and behaviors.

Question 28

Behaviorists define psychology as the scientific study of mental processes and behavior.

Question 29

Functionalism was the dominant school of psychology from the 1890s until the advent of the computer in the 1950s.

Question 30

Maslow and Rogers are regarded as being more optimistic about the human condition than Freud.

Question 31

Behavioral measures typically are more subjective than introspective measures.

Question 32

The work of William James was largely influenced by Darwin's theory of natural selection.

Question 33

G. Stanley Hall established the first psychological laboratory in the United States.

Question 34

Behaviorists deny the existence of all mental processes, such as thinking and consciousness.

Question 35

Psychoanalysis emphasizes the function of conscious mental processes that occur during sexual experiences.

Question 36

The goal of psychoanalysis is to banish unwanted feelings and memories into the unconscious.

Question 37

William James did not believe that consciousness could be broken down into basic elements.

Question 38

Humanistic psychologists called people in treatment "patients" to emphasis the biological nature of psychological disorders.

Question 39

Behaviorism focused on the scientific study of objectively observable behavior.

Question 40

Charcot used hypnosis to treat patients with hysteria.

Question 41

John Watson can be labeled a response-stimulus (R-S) psychologist.

Question 42

The founder of behaviorism was William James.

Question 43

John Watson taught "Little Albert" to fear a harmless white rat.

Question 44

Gestalt psychologists believed that the mind imposes organization on what it perceives.

Question 45

B. F. Skinner focused on the consequences of behavior as determinants of whether or not it would reoccur.

Question 46

In his classic studies on memory, Hermann Ebbinghaus demonstrated that meaningful information is easily forgotten.

Question 47

John Watson believed that fears were largely innate and the result of our evolutionary history.

Question 48

Frederic Bartlett demonstrated that our expectancies play a large role in the accuracy of our memories.

Question 49

B. F. Skinner believed that humans did not have free will.

Question 50

Gestalt psychology was a Russian movement influenced by the work of Ivan Pavlov.

Question 51

John Watson was largely influenced by the work of Ivan Pavlov.

Question 52

John Watson developed the concept of reinforcement with rats pressing levers for food.

Question 53

B. F. Skinner was a communist who strongly advocated that governments should strip individuals of their personal freedoms.

Question 54

Margaret Floy Washburn was an early female behaviorist who denied the existence of animal minds.

Question 55

Frederic Bartlett conceptualized memory as a photographic representation of a past experience.

Question 56

To test his theories, B. F. Skinner raised his daughter in a conditioning chamber, or "Skinner Box."

Question 57

If a behavior is reinforced, it is more likely to occur again.

Question 58

Gestalt psychologists believed that the entirety of a perceptual experience can be greater than the sum of its component parts.

Question 59

Behaviorists believe that the behavior of nonhuman animals-not human behavior-is the proper subject matter of psychology.

Question 60

The Gestaltists' view was diametrically opposed to the functionalists' claim that experience can be broken down into separate elements.

Question 61

Noam Chomsky was an outspoken supporter of B. F. Skinner's theory of language.

Question 62

Physiological psychology was the forerunner of behavioral neuroscience.

Question 63

By studying how quickly rats pressed levers for food pellets before and after surgery that removed parts of their brains, Karl Lashley hoped to discover the precise spot in the brain where learning occurs.

Question 64

Karl Lashley discovered that maze learning tends to be localized to a small area in the left brain hemisphere termed the Broca's area.

Question 65

Behavioral and cognitive psychology have benefited greatly from the knowledge obtained from invasive experimental brain surgery techniques in human participants.

Question 66

Karl Lashley discovered that by removing small sections of a rat's brain, he could completely erase its memory of a previously learned maze.

Question 67

By studying how accurately rats could run mazes before and after surgery that removed parts of their brains, Karl Lashley hoped to discover the precise spot in the brain where memories are stored.

Question 68

George Miller demonstrated that we can briefly hold only about 12 pieces of information in memory at any given moment.

Question 69

With the advent of computers, cognitive psychologists began conceptualizing the mind as hardware and the brain as software.

Question 70

Darwin's theory of natural selection no longer plays a prominent role among today's evolutionary psychologists.

Question 71

Behavioral neuroscience is a field of psychology that attempts to understand the links between the mind and the brain.

Question 72

Jean Piaget demonstrated that even toddlers grasp the concept that the mass of an object remains constant even if it is divided.

Question 73

The anthropologist Margaret Mead introduced the evolutionary psychology movement.

Question 74

Cognitive psychology is a field of psychology that attempts to understand the links between brain activity and cognitive processes.

Question 75

Someone with damage to their Broca's area cannot understand spoken words.

Question 76

An evolutionary psychologist would argue that traits such as jealousy exist because they are reinforced at an early age.

Question 77

John Garcia demonstrated that it is easier for rats to form associations between lights and sickness than scents and sickness.

Question 78

Jean Piaget studied the perceptual and cognitive errors of children in order to understand the development of the human mind.

Question 79

PET is an example of a noninvasive scanning technique used to study activity in the brain.

Question 80

The advent of computers led, in part, to the rise of cognitive psychology.