Question 1

Which statement is NOT true about B. F. Skinner?&#10;A)He developed a specialized chamber in which rats could press levers to earn food.&#10;B)He taught &#34;Little Albert&#34; to fear rats.&#10;C)He denied the existence of free will.&#10;D)He developed the principle of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

While B. F. Skinner was an influential psychologist and behaviorist, he actually did not teach "Little Albert" to fear rats. This was the work of another psychologist, John B. Watson, in his famous "Little Albert" experiment.

Question 2

Most psychologists today work:&#10;A)as behavioral neuroscientists.&#10;B)in academia.&#10;C)as government researchers.&#10;D)in clinical or health-related fields.

Accepted Answer

According to the American Psychological Association, a majority of psychologists work in clinical or health-related fields, including private practice, hospitals or clinics, and other healthcare settings. This includes psychologists who provide therapy, assessment, and consultation services to individuals, couples, families, and groups. While some psychologists may work as behavioral neuroscientists or government researchers, these positions are less common than those in clinical or health-related fields. It is also worth noting that many psychologists work in academia, but this is typically in addition to their clinical or research duties, rather than as their primary job.

Question 3

The research of _____, in which rats' maze performance was measured before and after brain surgery, was a forerunner of today's behavioral neuroscience.&#10;A)E. O. Wilson&#10;B)B. F. Skinner&#10;C)Karl Lashley&#10;D)Frederic Bartlett

Accepted Answer

Karl Lashley conducted research on rats' maze performance before and after brain surgery, which laid the foundation of behavioral neuroscience.

Question 4

The school of psychology developed by William James is most similar to which more modern field of psychology?&#10;A)behaviorism&#10;B)evolutionary psychology&#10;C)industrial-organizational psychology&#10;D)social psychology

Accepted Answer

William James developed functionalism, which focuses on how mental processes help individuals adapt to their environments, similar to evolutionary psychology's focus on how psychological traits are adaptations.

Question 5

Nature is to nurture as:&#10;A)Aristotle is to Plato.&#10;B)behaviorism is to evolutionary psychology.&#10;C)nativism is to philosophical empiricism.&#10;D)Skinner is to Chomsky.

Accepted Answer

The relationship between nature and nurture is similar to the debate between nativism (the idea that innate factors determine human behavior) and philosophical empiricism (the idea that experience is the primary determinant). Both concepts are focused on the factors that shape human behavior and development, just as nature and nurture are two key factors that influence development. The other choices (A, B, and D) do not have a similar relationship to nature and nurture.

Question 6

In Pavlov's classic experiment, the sound of a tone was the _____ that produced a _____ of salivating in dogs, even in the absence of food.&#10;A)response; stimulus&#10;B)stimulus; response&#10;C)reinforcer; stimulus&#10;D)stimulus; reinforcer

Accepted Answer

In Pavlov's classic experiment, the sound of a tone (stimulus) produced a response of salivating in dogs, even in the absence of food. Therefore, the correct answer is B, where stimulus was the cause and the response was the effect. Choice A and C are incorrect because a response cannot produce a stimulus or a reinforcer. Choice D is incorrect because a stimulus cannot be a reinforcer.

Question 7

To better understand Nazi atrocities, social psychologists began to study:&#10;A)the evolutionary basis of aggression.&#10;B)conformity and obedience.&#10;C)cultural differences between the United States and Germany.&#10;D)differences in brain functioning between violent criminals and normal controls.

Accepted Answer

Social psychologists began to study conformity and obedience to better understand Nazi atrocities. This was due to the fact that many Nazis claimed they were "just following orders," suggesting that obedience played a significant role in the perpetration of these crimes. The famous Milgram experiments conducted in the 1960s demonstrated the powerful impact of obedience to authority on people's behavior, further supporting this focus on conformity and obedience in the study of Nazi atrocities.

Question 8

A _____ treats individuals with psychological problems and is allowed to prescribe medication.&#10;A)psychiatrist&#10;B)counseling psychologist&#10;C)clinical psychologist&#10;D)cognitive neuroscientist

Accepted Answer

Only a psychiatrist is allowed to prescribe medication while treating individuals with psychological problems. Counseling psychologists and clinical psychologists can provide therapy, but they cannot prescribe medication. Cognitive neuroscientists study the neural basis of cognition and behavior, but they do not usually diagnose or treat psychological problems.

Question 9

By asking people to pay attention to and record their feelings and perceptions of an event, Wilhelm Wundt used the method of _____ to analyze the basic elements of the mind.&#10;A)psychoanalysis&#10;B)brain scanning&#10;C)introspection&#10;D)reinforcement

Accepted Answer

The method described (asking people to pay attention to and record their feelings and perceptions of an event) is introspection, which was used by Wilhelm Wundt to study the basic elements of the mind.

Question 10

Cognitive psychology addressed the critiques of behaviorism by applying scientific methods to the study of:&#10;A)mental processes, such as memory, perception, and thought.&#10;B)stimulus-response learning.&#10;C)the unconscious mind.&#10;D)neurological mechanisms underlying observable behavior.

Accepted Answer

Cognitive psychology introduced the use of scientific methods to study mental processes such as memory, perception, and thought. This was in contrast to behaviorism which solely focused on observable behavior and stimulus-response learning, which is option B. The unconscious mind and neurological mechanisms underlying observable behavior, options C and D respectively, were not the main focus of cognitive psychology.

Question 11

William James suggested that consciousness should be examined depending on the purpose of the mental processes involved, as suggested by _____, rather than trying to break it down into specific elements as suggested by _____.

A)functionalism; structuralism
B)functionalism; natural selection
C)structuralism; functionalism
D)structuralism; empiricism

Accepted Answer

The answer of William James suggested that consciousness should be...

Question 12

Audrey is a clinical psychologist who emphasizes the positive potential in her clients and who feels it is her job to gently guide them in realizing this potential. Audrey is which type of therapist?&#10;A)behaviorist&#10;B)cognitive&#10;C)humanistic&#10;D)psychoanalytic

Accepted Answer

The answer of Audrey is a clinical psychologist who emphasizes...

Question 13

Helmholtz was a(n) _____ who studied _____.&#10;A)philosopher; the mind-body problem&#10;B)behavioral neuroscientist; rats' maze learning&#10;C)personality theorist; the shape of skulls&#10;D)physiologist; reaction time

Accepted Answer

The answer of Helmholtz was a(n) _____ who studied _____.&#10;A)philosopher;...

Question 14

_____ stresses the importance of studying observable behaviors and ignores the mental processes involved in different tasks.&#10;A)Behaviorism&#10;B)Natural selection&#10;C)Humanism&#10;D)Cognitive psychology

Accepted Answer

The answer of _____ stresses the importance of studying observable...

Question 15

A psychologist develops a new treatment for depression in the United States that involves teaching people techniques to increase their self-esteem. Assuming that the treatment is successful in the United States, should the same treatment be used to treat depression in Japan?

A)Yes, because if a treatment is effective in one culture, it will be effective in all cultures.
B)Yes, because previous research has demonstrated that depression manifests itself in exactly the same way across these cultures.
C)No, because depressed people in Eastern cultures do not devalue themselves like depressed people in Western cultures.
D)No, because since all behavior is culturally dependent, it is highly unlikely that any therapy would be effective in more than one culture.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A psychologist develops a new treatment for...

Question 16

Chad explains his irresponsible spending by speculating that he shares genes with ancestors who had no need to save for the future because their lives were brutish and short. Which field of psychology is most consistent with his view?

A)evolutionary psychology
B)behaviorism
C)cognitive neuroscience
D)behavioral neuroscience

Accepted Answer

The answer of Chad explains his irresponsible spending by speculating...

Deck 1: Section 5: Psychology: Evolution of a Science