Deck 17: Intelligence Testing and Psychological Perspectives

Question 1

B. F. Skinner studied rats' behavior that was _____ motivated.

A)intrinsically
B)extrinsically
C)implicitly
D)explicitly

Answer 1

extrinsically

Question 2

A behaviorist's views on the person-situation controversy would be most similar to the views of:

A)Eysenck.
B)Mischel.
C)Allport.
D)Freud.

Answer 2

Mischel.

Question 3

_____ tried using introspection to measure _____ experiences.

A)Wundt; perceptual
B)Titchener; unconscious
C)James; sensory
D)Helmholtz; conscious

Answer 3

Wundt; perceptual

Question 4

Although far removed from his area of research, the implications of _____ research on conscious will is consistent with the philosophical views espoused by _____ in his book Beyond Freedom and Dignity.

A)Hermann von Helmholtz's; Sigmund Freud
B)Hermann von Helmholtz's; B. F. Skinner
C)Benjamin Libet's; Sigmund Freud
D)Benjamin Libet's; B. F. Skinner

Question 5

By modern scientific standards, which philosopher would have the least difficulty resolving the mind-body problem?

A)Plato
B)Hobbes
C)Socrates
D)Descartes

Question 6

Damasio (1994) studied the case of Elliot, a man who lost the ability to experience _____ after brain surgery to remove a tumor in his frontal lobes. The surgery most likely disrupted the communication between the frontal cortex and the _____.

A)semantic memories; amygdala
B)semantic memories; hippocampus
C)emotion; amygdala
D)emotion; hippocampus

Question 7

Chomsky's postulation of a language acquisition device is most consistent with the _____ position of _____.

A)nativism; Plato
B)nativism; Aristotle
C)philosophical empiricism; Plato
D)philosophical empiricism; Aristotle

Question 8

Using introspection to measure the basic elements of _____ was a goal of the _____ school of psychology.

A)the unconcious; psychodynamic
B)perception; structuralist
C)sensation; functionalist
D)behavior; stimulus-response

Question 9

John Watson criticized _____, for _____.

A)Margaret Floy Washburn; anthropomorphizing
B)Wilhelm Wundt; anthropomorphizing
C)E. O. Wilson; denying the role of genes on behavior
D)William James; denying the role of genes on behavior

Question 10

Ebbinghaus studied memory of nonsense syllables instead of real words to _____, and Bartlett criticized this methodology on the grounds of _____ validity.

A)minimize the effects of prior learning; external
B)minimize the effects of prior learning; internal
C)maximize the generality of the results; external
D)maximize the generality of the results; internal

Question 11

The introspective technique developed by _____ requires one to be _____ conscious.

A)Wundt; fully
B)Titchener; minimally
C)Freud; self-
D)Lewin; fully

Question 12

In his description of consciousness as a flowing stream, _____, the founder of functionalism, emphasized the _____ of consciousness.

A)Wilhelm Wundt; unity
B)Wilhelm Wundt; selectivity
C)William James; intentionality
D)William James; transience

Question 13

A dualist would be most concerned with which problem of consciousness?

A)the problem of other minds
B)the zombie problem
C)the mind-body problem
D)the levels of consciousness problem

Question 14

_____ perspectives on morality are most consistent with _____ in that they emphasize the role of nature more than nurture.

A)Piaget's; philosophical empiricism
B)Kohlberg's; philosophical empiricism
C)Cultural relativistic; nativism
D)Intuitionist; nativism

Question 15

Sir Frederic Bartlett's observation that people often remember what should have happened or what ought to have happened instead of what actually happened is consistent with the writings of which philosopher of science?

A)Thomas Hobbes
B)John Locke
C)René Descartes
D)Sir Francis Bacon

Question 16

Precise operational definitions of unobservable psychological constructs would have the LEAST relevance in the research programs of:

A)cognitive psychologists.
B)social psychologists.
C)behaviorists.
D)cognitive neuroscientists.

Question 17

Which of these would be LEAST likely to make dispositional attributions?

A)behaviorists
B)trait theorists
C)psychodynamic theorists
D)people in general

Question 18

When conceptualizing intelligence, behaviorists would most likely focus on:

A)crystallized intelligence.
B)general intelligence.
C)middle-level abilities.
D)specific abilities.

Question 19

In an emphatic and non-directional way, a person-centered therapist allows her client to seek experiences that are neither boring nor too demanding. Person-centered therapy stems from the humanistic psychology of _____ and these enriching experiences are the result of _____.

A)Carl Rogers; psychological flow
B)Carl Rogers; self-actualization
C)Aaron Beck; cognitive restructuring
D)Aaron Beck; mindfulness meditation

Question 20

B. F. Skinner would agree with all of these tenets of cognitive behavior therapy EXCEPT that it:

A)is problem focused.
B)is action orientated.
C)focuses in part on modifying irrational thought.
D)sometimes uses artificial incentive systems to modify behavior.

Question 21

Theories based on social learning theory posit that most boys might adopt traditional male gender roles because they receive social reinforcers for imitating male role models. By contrast, Freud's psychosexual theory states that boys resolve their unconscious castration anxiety, known as the _____, by adopting traditional male gender roles. In evaluating these theories, the social learning theory is preferred because it is _____.

A)genital stage; falsifiable
B)phallic stage; more general
C)Oedipus complex; more parsimonious
D)psychosexual complex; testable

Question 22

The advent of computers and advances in linguistics ushered in a revolution in psychological science and with it a new psychotherapy termed _____ therapy.

A)interpersonal
B)cognitive
C)person-centered
D)Gestalt

Question 23

A researcher manipulated the intensity of light in increments of five lumens and asked participants if the light was present or absent. The study found that two particular participants had the same _____ threshold for perceiving the light. Had the investigators manipulated the light in units of one lumen, a difference would have been found between the individuals. The study was lacking the _____ to detect this difference.

A)absolute; significance
B)difference; validity
C)absolute; power
D)difference; reliability

Question 24

A practicing clinical psychologist not affiliated with a college or university probably would be a member of which professional organization?

A)Association for Psychological Science
B)Association for Behavior Analysis
C)American Psychological Association
D)Society for Neuroscience

Question 25

The results of research of facial expressions mostly supports a(n) _____ position on emotional expressions.

A)cognitive
B)absolutist
C)relativistic
D)epigenetic

Question 26

Which of these is an invalid use of the deviation IQ to measure intelligence differences?

A)to screen for scholastic aptitude for college seniors applying to medical school
B)to assess general cognitive functioning for young adults in the military
C)to study intelligence differences between thirty-year-olds who are either self-made millionaires or bankruptcy filers
D)to study intelligence differences between young adults and senior citizens

Question 27

Which findings on research conducted in the United States would have the LEAST external validity?

A)research on the symptoms of depression
B)research on judgments of facial attractiveness
C)research on facial expressions of emotion
D)research on the role of the hippocampus in memory

Question 28

Which type of psychologist would most likely assess the universality hypothesis of emotion?

A)cognitive
B)personality
C)cultural
D)clinical

Question 29

Many psychologists prefer Eysenck's theory of personality to Cattell's because:

A)Cattell's theory relies on subjective reports from participants.
B)Cattell's theory is not testable.
C)Eysenck's theory accounts for more complex phenomena.
D)Eysenck's theory is more parsimonious.

Question 30

An evolutionary psychologist would focus on which of these as a primary reason why men are more promiscuous than women?

A)Men are more reinforced by passing on their genes than women.
B)The biological costs of reproduction are lower for men than women.
C)Men are more approach motivated and women are more avoidance motivated by sex.
D)The reputational costs of promiscuity are more punishing for women than men.

Question 31

A(n) _____ psychologist would find the example of _____ most difficult to explain.

A)humanistic; a father who sacrifices his life for this children
B)behavioral; an executive who sacrifices time with her family in exchange for career advancement
C)social; a student who helps her roommate with calculus in exchange for help with Spanish
D)evolutionary; a bystander who sacrifices his life for a complete stranger

Question 32

Measuring how vigorously infants suck a nipple in the presence of different voices to determine if infants recognize the voice of their mother utilizes a(n):

A)systematic desensitization test.
B)Strange Situation test.
C)operational definition.
D)correlational design.

Question 33

Binet and Simon believed that tests that measured _____ were NOT _____ measures of intelligence.

A)achievement; valid
B)achievement; reliable
C)aptitude; valid
D)aptitude; reliable

Question 34

A(n) _____ psychologist might best explain why sensory adaptation is a useful process.

A)humanistic
B)cognitive
C)behavioral
D)evolutionary

Question 35

Ratio IQ is NOT a _____ method of measuring _____ intelligence.

A)reliable; childhood
B)valid; childhood
C)reliable; adult
D)valid; adult

Question 36

Sir Frederic Bartlett's observation that people often remember what should have happened or what ought to have happened instead of what actually happened is an illustration of the memory sin of:

A)transience.
B)memory misattribution.
C)bias.
D)suggestibility.

Question 37

Which findings on research conducted in the United States would have the most external validity?

A)research on the symptoms of depression
B)research on judgments of facial attractiveness
C)research on age of earliest memory
D)research on child-rearing practices

Question 38

A(n) _____psychologist would best explain why humans are born with _____ brains.

A)clinical; underdeveloped
B)evolutionary; underdeveloped
C)cognitive; myelinated
D)existential; myelinated

Question 39

Scientists use _____ when they generate hypotheses.

A)theoretical reasoning
B)practical reasoning
C)means-end analyses
D)analogical problem solving

Question 40

Which school of psychology would be MOST likely to conduct research in the area of signal detection?

A)functionalism
B)behaviorism
C)cognitive psychology
D)social psychology

Question 41

Jarosz, Colflesh, and Wiley (2012) randomly assigned male social drinkers to one of two groups. In the intoxicated group, participants consumed alcohol until a blood-alcohol level of .075 was reached. Participants in the sober group did not consume alcohol. Both groups were then given a series of tests to measure creativity and insight. Researchers found that the _____ group did better on these tasks. This research demonstrates _____ insight learning.

A)intoxicated; a positive but not causal relationship between alcohol and
B)intoxicated; that moderate alcohol doses may cause enhancements in
C)sober; a negative correlation between alcohol and
D)sober; that moderate alcohol doses may cause detriments in

Question 42

Which statement most accurately describes the relationship between aerobic exercise and stress?

A)There is a positive correlation, but not a causal relationship, between aerobic exercise and stress.
B)There is a negative correlation, but not a causal relationship, between aerobic exercise and stress.
C)Exercise is one factor that causes reductions in stress.
D)It is not known if exercise is related to stress reduction due to the third-variable problem.

Question 43

Some herbal and natural products may have psychological benefits. For example, there is a _____ correlation between the consumption of omega-3 fatty acids and _____.

A)positive; depression
B)negative; depression
C)positive; bipolar disorder
D)negative; bipolar disorder

Question 44

There exists a _____ between social status and immune functioning; a likely variable responsible for this finding is _____.

A)positive correlation; stress
B)negative correlation; exercise
C)non-association; genetics
D)causal relationship; lifestyle choices

Question 45

In higher latitudes, there is a _____ correlation between day length and _____; this relationship may be due to _____.

A)positive; mood; seasonal affective disorder
B)positive; aggression; frustration-aggression hypothesis
C)negative; mood; seasonal affective disorder
D)negative; aggression; the frustration-aggression hypothesis

Question 46

In the literature on stereotyping, _____ is defined as the tendency for people to see what they expect to see; within the philosophy of science, this threat was first expressed by _____.

A)self-fulfilling prophecy; Sir Francis Bacon
B)perceptual confirmation; Sir Francis Bacon
C)self-fulfilling prophecy; René Descartes
D)perceptual confirmation; René Descartes

Question 47

Research manipulating the number of bystanders across groups of randomly assigned participants has found that there is a _____ between the number of bystanders and the probability of any one participant helping.

A)positive correlation
B)negative correlation
C)direct causal relationship
D)causal and inverse relationship

Question 48

Harold read about a cross-cultural study demonstrating an association between consumption of omega-3s and _____. Thinking it will help him, he wants to run to the health store to buy a bottle. His wife, Kara, is more skeptical. She thinks that the relationship might have to do with international differences in the propensity to seek help rather than the health benefits of omega 3s. Kara is _____.

A)obsessive-compulsive disorder; wondering about the external validity of the study
B)obsessive-compulsive disorder; skeptical about the internal validity of the experiment
C)depression; questioning the statistical significance of the findings
D)depression; positing the existence of a third variable

Question 49

In the general population, the frequency distribution of intelligence scores is _____ but slightly more _____ for males than females.

A)normal; positively skewed
B)normal; variable
C)positively skewed; normal
D)negatively skewed; variable

Question 50

Research has indicated that there is a _____ between intelligence and tobacco use.

A)positive correlation
B)negative correlation
C)direct causal relationship
D)causal and inverse relationship

Question 51

Which of these is an invalid use of the deviation IQ to measure intelligence differences?

A)as a screen for scholastic aptitude in high school seniors
B)as a screen for cognitive functioning at an assisted-living facility for senior citizens
C)to study intelligence differences between the preoperational and formal operational stage
D)to study intelligence differences between young adults who abuse drugs and those who do not

Question 52

One cannot infer cause and effect from the natural correlation between viewing violence and aggression due to the _____; however, this topic was studied experimentally by _____ with children who observed aggressive adult models.

A)third-variable problem; Watson
B)third-variable problem; Bandura
C)directionality of causality problem; Kohler
D)directionality of causality problem; Piaget

Question 53

Research has indicated that there is a _____ between intelligence and income.

A)positive correlation
B)negative correlation
C)direct causal relationship
D)causal and inverse relationship

Question 54

More intelligent people tend to live longer. People who attempt to explain this relationship by highlighting the link between intelligence and education, education and job status, job status and income, and income and health are:

A)committing the conjunction fallacy.
B)mistakenly inferring cause and effect from correlational research.
C)identifying potential third variables underlying the relationship between intelligence and life expectancy.
D)questioning the external validity of the relationship.

Question 55

The criticism that _____ stages of moral development do not describe adequately the moral development on non-Westerners is a criticism of the _____ associated with the research.

A)Piaget's; reliability
B)Kohlberg's; internal validity
C)Kohlberg's; external validity
D)Piaget's; power

Question 56

Dylan is interested in finding out how sensitive his roommate is to sound. While he is watching TV, Dylan gradually turned up the volume on his stereo. Over the course of several days, Dylan did this a number of times and each time recorded the volume at which his roommate complained. This may be considered a study of _____, and the dependent variable is the volume _____.

A)psychometrics; at which the roommate complains
B)psychometrics; on the stereo
C)psychophysics; at which the roommate complains
D)psychophysics; on the stereo

Question 57

Research has indicated that there is a _____ between temperature and instances of aggression during professional baseball games.

A)positive correlation
B)negative correlation
C)direct causal relationship
D)causal and inverse relationship

Question 58

Dylan is interested in finding out how sensitive his roommate is to sound. While he is watching TV, Dylan gradually turned up the volume on his stereo. Over the course of several days, Dylan did this a number of times and each time recorded the volume at which his roommate complained. This may be considered a study of _____, and the independent variable is the volume _____.

A)psychometrics; at which the roommate complains
B)psychometrics; on the stereo
C)psychophysics; at which the roommate complains
D)psychophysics; on the stereo

Question 59

Research has indicated that there is a _____ between the size of a mob and the level of atrocity inflicted on victims.

A)positive correlation
B)negative correlation
C)direct causal relationship
D)causal and inverse relationship

Question 60

Attachment styles determined by the Strange Situation test in the laboratory _____ correspond to those observed in natural environments; indicating that the Strange Situation test is _____in _____ validity.

A)usually; high; internal
B)usually; high; external
C)often do not; low; internal
D)often do not; low; external

Question 61

Depriving people of _____sleep causes deficits in memory, aggression, and difficulties in emotional regulation. This suggests that REM sleep deprivation disrupts the functioning of the _____.

A)REM; default network
B)REM; limbic system
C)slow-wave; hindbrain
D)slow-wave; mirror neurons

Question 62

Someone with a highly reactive behavioral _____ system that enables approach behavior toward rewards might be expected to show enhancements in which neurotransmitter?

A)activation; GABA
B)activation; dopamine
C)inhibition; GABA
D)inhibition; dopamine

Question 63

The _____ routes sensory information to cortical areas EXCEPT to _____.

A)thalamus; the somatosensory cortex
B)thalamus; the olfactory bulb
C)hippocampus; Area V1
D)hippocampus; Area A1

Question 64

Benzodiazepines are used to treat _____ and facilitate the functions of _____, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. When this neurotransmitter binds to its receptor site, the inside of the neuron becomes more _____ and thus is less likely to fire.

A)depression; glutamate; positive
B)anxiety; glutamate; negative
C)depression; GABA; positive
D)anxiety; GABA; negative

Question 65

A person who demonstrates extreme sensitivity to stimuli in the band of fibers enervating the hindbrain termed the _____might be more likely to be _____.

A)corpus callosum; nurturing
B)corpus callosum; uncaring
C)reticular formation; introverted
D)reticular formation; extroverted

Question 66

Hypnosis _____ been shown to be more effective at relieving pain than morphine, a drug that mimics the actions of _____ in relieving pain.

A)has; dopamine
B)has; endorphins
C)has never; dopamine
D)has never; endorphins

Question 67

Visual sensations are relayed to area V1 in the _____ cortex via the _____.

A)prefrontal; hippocampus
B)prefrontal; hypothalamus
C)occipital; thalamus
D)occipital; hypothalamus

Question 68

Subjecting rats to extreme sleep deprivation results in severe weight loss, indicating impairments of _____ functioning.

A)hippocampal
B)prefrontal cortex
C)hypothalamus
D)basal ganglia

Question 69

A person who demonstrates reduced sensitivity to stimuli in the band of fibers enervating the hindbrain termed the _____might be more likely to be _____.

A)reticular formation; anxious
B)reticular formation; outgoing
C)corpus callosum; altruistic
D)corpus callosum; neurotic

Question 70

Approach motivation is facilitated to the greatest extent by the actions of which neurotransmitter?

A)GABA
B)dopamine
C)acetylcholine
D)serotonin

Question 71

A modern spin on the classic Cannon-Bard theory would state that the _____ makes emotional decisions _____ physiological arousal.

A)amygdala; independently of
B)amygdala; based on specific
C)hypothalamus; based on general
D)hypothalamus; based on both general and specific

Question 72

_____ are to chromosomes as _____ are to axons.

A)Telomeres; neural networks
B)Genes; myelin sheaths
C)Telomeres; myelin sheaths
D)Genes; neural networks

Question 73

Prescription sleeping pills are effective for _____ relief of insomnia and work by enhancing the functions of which inhibitory neurotransmitter?

A)long-term; glutamate
B)short-term; norepinephrine
C)long-term; acetylcholine
D)short-term; GABA

Question 74

One prediction that can be deduced from the _____ theory of emotion is that in persons with spinal injuries, the _____ the injury on the spinal cord the _____ intensely they will be able to experience emotion.

A)Cannon-Bard; higher; more
B)Cannon-Bard; lower; less
C)two-factor; higher; less
D)two-factor; lower; less

Question 75

Postpartum depression is associated with _____ disturbances in the stress-response system ultimately regulated by the _____.

A)electrical; thalamus
B)hormonal; hypothalamus
C)hormonal; amygdala
D)electrical; pituitary gland

Question 76

Relaxation therapy _____ cortisol levels and _____ the parasympathetic nervous system.

A)increases; deactivates
B)increases; activates
C)decreases; deactivates
D)decreases; activates

Question 77

Antidepressant drugs known as SSRIs work by _____ of serotonin; critics argue that these drugs alter serotonin levels long _____ patients report improvements in mood.

A)promoting the release; before
B)promoting the release; after
C)blocking the reuptake; before
D)blocking the reuptake; after

Question 78

Brain imaging studies reveal that emotionally intelligent people show _____ activation of the _____ when making decisions of an emotional content than people with less emotional intelligence.

A)less; amygdala
B)more; amygdala
C)less; Wernicke's area
D)more; Wernicke's area

Question 79

By today's standards, Milgram's study on obedience is considered unethical because:

A)participants were exposed to shocks that were painful and possibly harmful.
B)participants were told that they must continue with the experiment.
C)the experimenter was not medically qualified to make cost-benefit decisions about the use of shock.
D)it is never permissible to deceive participants.

Question 80

By today's standards, Milgram's study on obedience is considered unethical because:

A)participants were exposed to shocks that were painful and possibly harmful.
B)participants were physically forced to continue with the experiment.
C)deception resulted in an increased risk of psychological stress.
D)it is never permissible to deceive participants.