Deck 14: Section 2: Stress and Health

Question 1

In response to threat, the hormone _____ is secreted from the _____ gland.

A)leptin; pineal
B)cortisol; pineal
C)insulin; adrenal
D)ACTH; pituitary

Answer 1

ACTH; pituitary

Question 2

Which of these are catecholamines?

A)endorphins and cortisol
B)glutamate and GABA
C)epinephrine and norepinephrine
D)acetylcholine and serotonin

Answer 2

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 3

The key function of cortisol is to:

A)increase blood glucose levels for use by the muscles.
B)induce the release of ACTH from the pineal gland.
C)decrease the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system.
D)increase blood lipid levels for use by the muscles.

Answer 3

increase blood glucose levels for use by the muscles.

Question 4

Who is LEAST likely to develop an illness in the near future, according to the College Undergraduate Stress Scale?

A)a person accused of rape
B)a person who just got married
C)a person going on a first date
D)a person getting into a physical fight

Question 5

Elements of city life, such as noise, traffic, and pollution, produce:

A)chronic stress.
B)acute stress.
C)biological stressors.
D)psychosomatic illness.

Question 6

The _____ refers to an emotional and physiological reaction to an emergency that increases readiness for action.

A)Type A behavior pattern
B)general adaptation syndrome
C)fight-or-flight response
D)parasympathetic response

Question 7

Which stressor would MOST likely cause the greatest damage to your health?

A)seeing a dentist or doctor
B)getting a speeding ticket
C)having two exams on the same day
D)living in a crowded, noisy city

Question 8

When faced with a stressor, people report that the level of stress is _____ when they perceive that _____.

A)lowest; they cannot control stressful events
B)greatest; they can control stressful events
C)lowest; the stressor is chronic and not acute
D)greatest; they cannot control stressful events

Question 9

Melanie is studying the effects of urban crowding on the prevalence of anxiety disorders. It is most likely that Melanie is a(n) _____ psychologist.

A)clinical
B)environmental
C)social
D)humanistic

Question 10

Stress is to a _____ as a stressor is to a _____.

A)chronic situation; specific event
B)psychological response; physiological response
C)response; stimulus
D)physiological response; psychological response

Question 11

Research published in 2008 found that, compared to those living over 200 miles away, people living within 1.5 miles of the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, had less gray matter in their:

A)amygdala.
B)pons.
C)visual cortex.
D)temporal lobe.

Question 12

Brain activation in response to a threat begins in the:

A)thalamus.
B)hippocampus.
C)cerebellum.
D)hypothalamus.

Question 13

The fight-or-flight syndrome was named by:

A)David Glass.
B)Walter Cannon.
C)Meyer Friedman.
D)Hans Selye.

Question 14

Which hormone is NOT considered a stress hormone?

A)leptin
B)cortisol
C)epinephrine
D)ACTH

Question 15

Sarah is interested in psychology as a career choice. In particular, she is interested in the area of psychology concerned with ways in which psychological factors influence the causes and treatment of physical illness and the maintenance of health. Most likely, Sarah would select _____ as a career choice.

A)stress psychology
B)health psychology
C)biobehavioral medicine
D)biopsychology

Question 16

Who is MOST likely to develop an illness in the near future, according to the College Undergraduate Stress Scale?

A)a person whose close friend has died
B)a person arrested for drunk driving
C)a person going on a first date
D)a person falling asleep in class

Question 17

The _____ are the three key organs involved in the HPA axis response to stress.

A)hippocampus, pineal gland, and amygdala
B)hippocampus, parietal lobe, and anterior cingulate gyrus
C)hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal glands
D)hypothalamus, pineal gland, and amygdala

Question 18

Which person is MOST likely to react most strongly to stressful situations?

A)a person with an overactive parasympathetic nervous system
B)a person prone to the placebo effect
C)a person who cannot escape from the situation
D)a person who is a pessimist

Question 19

_____ conducted research on the relationship between experiencing multiple stressors and the incidence of illness.

A)Cannon and Selye
B)Glass and Singer
C)Holmes and Rahe
D)Friedman and Rosenman

Question 20

_____ are defined as specific events or chronic pressures that place demands on a person or threatens a person's well-being.

A)Stressors
B)Fight-or-flight stimuli
C)Stresses
D)Anxieties

Question 21

The general adaptation syndrome occurs in three stages, which are, in order:

A)resistance, alarm, exhaustion.
B)reaction, alarm, exhaustion.
C)alarm, resistance, exhaustion.
D)reaction, alarm, collapse.

Question 22

_____ are especially prone to suffer from respiratory infections because their immune systems have been compromised by stress.

A)Teenagers in large high schools
B)People in low-status jobs
C)Elderly people who live with their families
D)People who work in international jobs

Question 23

Robert hears footsteps behind him while walking down a dark street at night. He is fearful and feels his heart pounding. This response is due to the release of _____, which _____ during stressful situations.

A)catecholamines; activate the pituitary gland
B)cortisol; lower blood glucose levels
C)cortisol; induce the release of ACTH from the pineal gland
D)catecholamines; activate the sympathetic nervous system

Question 24

The phase of the general adaptation syndrome in which the body uses energy to draw on its stores of fat and muscle is called:

A)reaction.
B)resistance.
C)exhaustion.
D)alarm.

Question 25

The adrenal glands release all these hormones EXCEPT:

A)cortisol.
B)epinephrine.
C)norepinephrine.
D)ACTH.

Question 26

Caps at the ends of each chromosome that protect the ends of chromosomes and prevent them from sticking to each other are known as:

A)telomerase.
B)catecholamines.
C)telomeres.
D)nuclei.

Question 27

ACTH travels from the pituitary gland to the adrenal glands via the:

A)bloodstream.
B)sympathetic nervous system.
C)somatic nervous system.
D)efferent nerves.

Question 28

People exposed to chronic stress experience _____ telomere length and _____ telomerase activity.

A)shorter; higher
B)longer; lower
C)longer; higher
D)shorter; lower

Question 29

Which of these is NOT a function of the catecholamines?

A)increase sympathetic nervous system activity
B)increase parasympathetic nervous system activity
C)increase heart rate
D)increase respiration

Question 30

Stressors cause hormones known as _____ to flood the brain, wearing down the immune system.

A)adrenaline
B)c-FOS
C)glucocorticoids
D)monoamine oxidase inhibitors

Question 31

The physiological response profile outlined in the general adaptation syndrome:

A)occurs to acute stressors but not to repeated stressors.
B)is modifiable in type based on the type of stressor encountered.
C)is nonspecific to the type of stressor.
D)is specific to the type of stressor.

Question 32

The phase of the general adaptation syndrome in which the body shuts down unnecessary processes such as digestion and sex drive is called:

A)resistance.
B)reaction.
C)alarm.
D)exhaustion.

Question 33

Lymphocytes are _____ blood cells that _____ antibodies that fight infection.

A)red; destroy
B)red; produce
C)white; destroy
D)white; produce

Question 34

The _____ phase of the general adaptation syndrome is similar to the fight-or-flight syndrome proposed by Walter Cannon.

A)alarm
B)exhaustion
C)resistance
D)activation

Question 35

_____ coined the term general adaptation syndrome.

A)Jerome Singer
B)Walter Cannon
C)Ray Rosenman
D)Hans Selye

Question 36

The phase of the general adaptation syndrome in which the body experiences organ damage is called:

A)alarm.
B)exhaustion.
C)resistance.
D)collapse.

Question 37

When we encounter a stressor, the adrenal glands release _____ and _____.

A)serotonin; norepinephrine
B)epinephrine; glucose
C)epinephrine; norepinephrine
D)adrenocorticotropic hormone; epinephrine

Question 38

Rats studied by Hans Selye were subjected to various prolonged stressors. All of these physiological responses were observed in the rats EXCEPT:

A)stomach ulcers.
B)an enlarged adrenal cortex.
C)enlarged thymus glands.
D)shrinkage of the lymph glands.

Question 39

Rats studied by Hans Selye were subjected to various prolonged stressors. A common response in the rats involved:

A)excessive weight gain.
B)an enlarged adrenal cortex.
C)enlarged thymus glands.
D)shrinkage of the stomach.

Question 40

A key physiological event in the cascade of events that underlie the association between stress and cardiovascular disease is:

A)inducement of hunger by stress, which leads to the ingestion of fats that clog the arteries.
B)suppression of hunger by stress, which leads to breakdown of arterial wall material.
C)vasodilation produced by prolonged parasympathetic system activation, which damages blood vessels.
D)arousal of the sympathetic nervous system, which leads to high blood pressure and blood vessel damage.

Question 41

The _____ appraisal process allows a person to decide whether a red spot on their finger is blood or simply a glob of ketchup.

A)secondary
B)challenge
C)primary
D)threat

Question 42

Because Estevan had studied well ahead of time, he regarded the final exam as a(n) _____ instead of a _____.

A)challenge; threat
B)threat; challenge
C)competition; stressor
D)opportunity; challenge

Question 43

In order to avoid burnout, people in high-stress jobs would be advised to do any of these EXCEPT:

A)invest time in family.
B)employ stress management techniques.
C)arrive at work an hour early to be better prepared for daily challenges.
D)devote more time to a hobby unrelated to the job.

Question 44

Those who react with _____ to stress are most likely to develop premature heart disease.

A)impatience
B)a sense of time urgency
C)anger and hostility
D)competitive tendencies

Question 45

Psychologists would identify which person as MOST at risk for developing premature heart disease?

A)James, who works a sedentary job and is overweight
B)Ralph, who is extremely competitive in seeking job promotions
C)Larry, who is the president of a large corporation and is extremely time-conscious
D)John, a manager who often exhibits anger toward his employees

Question 46

The Type _____ behavior pattern is characterized by a tendency toward easily aroused anger, impatience, a sense of urgency, and competition.

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D

Question 47

The main cause of coronary heart disease is _____, a gradual narrowing of the arteries that occur due to plaque deposits.

A)osteosclerosis
B)atherosclerosis
C)multiple sclerosis
D)amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Question 48

Men with a Type _____ behavior pattern are more likely to have a heart attack than men with a Type _____ behavior pattern.

A)A; B
B)A; C
C)B; A
D)B; C

Question 49

_____ appraisal refers to the process by which people decide whether they can handle a stressful event.

A)Threat
B)Primary
C)Challenge
D)Secondary

Question 50

After working for 15 years as an emergency room technician, Ralph is physically, mentally, and emotionally exhausted. Ralph probably suffers from:

A)burnout.
B)major depressive disorder.
C)stress inoculation.
D)posttraumatic stress disorder.

Question 51

Who is at greatest risk for burnout?

A)a computer programmer who develops new software
B)a social worker who deals daily with emotional situations
C)a parent with three children, all of whom are under 10 years old
D)a college professor, nearing retirement, who recently purchased a vacation home

Question 52

Having a conversation with someone of another race has been shown to produce a(n) _____ reaction in students.

A)challenge
B)immune
C)threat
D)traumatic

Question 53

Who is at greatest risk for burnout?

A)a medical doctor who typically works 12-hour shifts but loves spending time with his family on his days off
B)an emergency room physician who also is very competitive tennis player at her country club
C)a college professor who decides to teach an extra course in order to increase his paycheck
D)a high school teacher who bases her self-worth on how well her students succeed

Question 54

_____ appraisal refers to deciding whether or not a stimulus is stressful.

A)Threat
B)Primary
C)Challenge
D)Secondary

Question 55

Burnout is most frequently observed in the _____ professions.

A)sales
B)helping
C)journalistic
D)artistic

Question 56

Which causal factor best predicts heart attacks?

A)hostility
B)smoking tobacco
C)high caloric intake
D)high LDL cholesterol levels

Question 57

A stressful event people believe they can handle is termed a _____, whereas a stressor that would overwhelm a person is termed a _____.

A)threat; challenge
B)primary stressor; secondary stressor
C)challenge; threat
D)secondary stressor; primary stressor

Question 58

Who introduced the concept of a Type A behavior pattern?

A)Cannon and Selye
B)Glass and Singer
C)Friedman and Rosenman
D)Holmes and Rahe

Question 59

Approximately _____ percent of college students report that they occasionally feel overwhelmed by academic tasks.

A)60
B)70
C)80
D)90

Question 60

Higher levels of stress can cause all of these EXCEPT:

A)arousal of the sympathetic nervous system.
B)elevated blood pressure.
C)damaged blood vessels that accumulate plaque.
D)increase in blood flow through the arteries.

Question 61

Lee was recently fired from his job. To deal with this stress, Lee moved to another state, stopped communicating with friends from his previous job, and obtained employment in a completely different field. Lee's behavior illustrates _____ coping.

A)rational
B)repressive
C)passive
D)ineffective

Question 62

Finding a new or creative way to think about a stressor to reduce its threat is called:

A)repressing.
B)reframing.
C)rationalizing.
D)reorienting.

Question 63

Which person would be expected to have the lowest levels of anger, depression, and stress?

A)Julie, who walks briskly for 30 minutes five times per week
B)James, who stretches for 5 minutes each morning upon waking
C)Amanda, who works out twice a week by swimming
D)Sammy, who lifts heavy weights three times per week

Question 64

As a technique to increase relaxation, biofeedback has proven to be _____ traditional relaxation therapy.

A)considerably less effective than
B)slightly less effective than
C)about as effective as
D)considerably more effective than

Question 65

The technique known as prolonged exposure is associated with the _____ process of stress management.

A)rational coping
B)motivated forgetting
C)reframing
D)repressive coping

Question 66

Which individual is associated with developing biofeedback?

A)Joe Kamiya
B)Jamie Pennebaker
C)Shelley Taylor
D)Meyer Friedman

Question 67

Currently, the U.S. government recommends that _____ minutes of moderately vigorous exercise a day will reduce the risk of chronic illness.

A)10
B)30
C)45
D)60

Question 68

Rational coping involves three steps-acceptance, exposure, and:

A)thinking.
B)bargaining.
C)anger.
D)understanding.

Question 69

The cognitive strategy for managing stress that involves facing the stressor and working to overcome it is called:

A)repressive coping.
B)reframing.
C)rational coping.
D)active coping.

Question 70

Which statement about exercise is true?

A)Exercise improves mood by suppressing the secretion of dopamine.
B)To produce benefits on mood, a person must exercise three times a week.
C)Exercise improves mood by suppressing the secretion of serotonin.
D)As little as 30 minutes of exercise per day can boost mood.

Question 71

College students often develop illness as the end of the semester draws near. Jamie Pennebaker would suggest that colleges might reduce the number of ill students by:

A)providing flu shots on the first day of class.
B)aggressively promoting hand washing before meals.
C)having students exercise regularly.
D)having students keep a journal in which they record their thoughts and feelings.

Question 72

Which of these is NOT a possible reason why aerobic exercise seems to promote stress relief and improve well-being?

A)Aerobic exercise increases serotonin production.
B)Aerobic exercise increases the production of endorphins.
C)Aerobic exercise increases the production of cytokines.
D)Aerobic exercise increases the production of endogenous opiodes.

Question 73

_____ is the style of dealing with stress characterized by avoiding situations or thoughts that are reminders of a stressor and maintaining an artificially positive viewpoint.

A)Mental burnout
B)Rational coping
C)Repressive coping
D)Reframing

Question 74

When James felt himself becoming angry during a meeting with his boss, he repeatedly told himself, "Just roll with the punches" and "I am not going to let him get to me." His use of these thoughts is an example of:

A)stress inoculation training.
B)repressive coping.
C)reaction formation.
D)rational coping.

Question 75

Which senior citizen is MOST likely to suffer from poor health?

A)a widowed woman who has a wide network of social support
B)a married woman who exercises three times per week
C)a man who does not exercise and who lives alone
D)a man who does not exercise and recently got married for the second time

Question 76

Biofeedback has proven to be a useful technique for:

A)increasing resistance to infection.
B)increasing aerobic capacity.
C)increasing relaxation.
D)decreasing symptoms of depression.

Question 77

Bea was under a great deal of stress at work, and her health had started to suffer. Her doctor treated her using _____, where Bea had sensors attached to various parts of her body and watched her vital signs on a computer screen until she learned to relax.

A)biofeedback
B)electrical massage stimulation
C)stress inoculation training
D)relaxation therapy

Question 78

_____ are more likely than others to be stressed and depressed.

A)Teenagers
B)Females
C)Lonely people
D)Males

Question 79

All of these are known benefits of relaxation therapy EXCEPT reduced:

A)stress.
B)levels of GABA.
C)blood pressure.
D)cortisol levels.

Question 80

Which statement best fits the definition of reframing as a stress control technique?

A)To suppress her anxiety before a major class speech, Janet postpones her speech until the end of the semester.
B)Julie reduces her anxiety about public speaking by imagining that she is evaluating her audience.
C)James controls his fear of public speaking by dropping his speech course.
D)Hector reduces his anxiety about a major class speech by distracting himself the night before with a funny movie.