Question 1

Fixations can occur throughout the psychosexual stages as proposed by Freud because of:&#10;A)deprivation of pleasurable experiences associated with each stage.&#10;B)overindulgence in pleasurable experiences at a given stage.&#10;C)either deprivation or overindulgence in pleasurable experiences at a given stage.&#10;D)an optimal amount of pleasurable experiences at each stage.

Accepted Answer

Fixations can occur due to either deprivation or overindulgence in pleasurable experiences at a given stage. This means that both options could lead to a fixation on that particular stage, which can later impact an individual's personality and behavior. However, an optimal amount of pleasurable experiences at each stage is necessary for healthy psychological development.

Question 2

According to the psychodynamic approach, activities such as football and other contact sports are a form of _____ that allow unconscious wishes and desires to be transformed into socially acceptable behaviors.

A)sublimation
B)reaction formation
C)repression
D)identification

sublimation

Accepted Answer

Sublimation involves channeling potentially harmful or socially unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable and productive activities. Contact sports, such as football, can be seen as a way for individuals to express their aggressive impulses in a socially acceptable manner.

Question 3

The id operates according to the _____ principle, and the ego is regulated by the _____ principle.&#10;A)hedonism; moralistic&#10;B)pleasure; reality&#10;C)reality; pleasure&#10;D)moralistic; hedonism

Accepted Answer

The id operates according to the pleasure principle, which drives immediate gratification of our deepest desires and needs irrespective of the consequences. The ego, however, is governed by the reality principle, where it tries to reconcile the demands of the id with the realities of the outside world. It seeks to achieve gratification of our impulses in realistic and socially acceptable ways. Hence, the correct option is B - pleasure (id) and reality (ego).

Question 4

Research suggests that when two siblings have similar personalities, this similarity is thought to be the result of:&#10;A)parenting style.&#10;B)a common socioeconomic status.&#10;C)common schooling.&#10;D)genetics.

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that the similarity in personality between siblings is primarily influenced by genetics. Studies have found that identical twins, who share all of their genes, are more similar in personality than fraternal twins, who share only 50% of their genes. This suggests that genes play a significant role in shaping personality traits. While parenting style, socioeconomic status, and schooling can also have an impact on personality development, these factors are generally considered to be less influential than genetics.

Question 5

What is a major factor for personality according to the humanistic approach?&#10;A)self-actualization tendency&#10;B)security-providing defense mechanisms&#10;C)role of positive reinforcement&#10;D)anxiety of fully being

Accepted Answer

The humanistic approach places a significant emphasis on the self-actualization tendency, which refers to the innate drive of individuals to develop their full potential and achieve personal growth. This drive toward self-actualization is considered a major factor in shaping an individual's personality according to the humanistic approach.

Question 6

Researchers interested in investigating the prior events that have shaped how we behave, think, and feel are probably most interested in _____personality.&#10;A)describing&#10;B)cataloguing&#10;C)explaining&#10;D)changing

Accepted Answer

Researchers interested in investigating the prior events that have shaped how we behave, think, and feel would likely be interested in understanding the causes or reasons behind the development of someone's personality. Therefore, they would be focused on explaining personality rather than just describing or cataloguing it. Changing personality is not a primary focus of this type of research.

Question 7

The five-factor structure of personality is _____ in that it _____ across all cultures and languages.&#10;A)dynamic; varies&#10;B)culturally biased; does not translate&#10;C)universal; remains constant&#10;D)general; can be modified for use

Accepted Answer

Research has found that the five-factor structure of personality (also known as the "Big Five" traits) is universal and remains relatively constant across cultures and languages. While some variations may occur based on cultural values and beliefs, the basic structure of these traits appears to be consistent.

Question 8

Charles, a senior in high school, unknowingly made the decision to attend the College of Charleston over the University of South Carolina because of:&#10;A)self-verification.&#10;B)the self-serving bias.&#10;C)implicit egotism.&#10;D)narcissism.

Accepted Answer

Implicit egotism refers to the unconscious preference for things that resemble the self, including one's own name, birthday, and hometown. In this case, Charles may have unknowingly been drawn to the College of Charleston because it shares a name with him (Charles), demonstrating implicit egotism. The other options do not seem applicable to this scenario.

Question 9

Projective tests are a controversial practice in psychology because they are based on:&#10;A)the interpretation of the examiner.&#10;B)the interpretation of the responder.&#10;C)implicit measures of personality.&#10;D)physiological responses.

Accepted Answer

Projective tests rely heavily on the interpretation of the examiner, leading to concerns about reliability and validity. The responses of the participant may also be subject to interpretation, but this is secondary to the interpretation of the examiner. Implicit measures of personality and physiological responses may be used in other types of assessments, but they are not the basis of projective tests.

Question 10

_____ largely governs the dynamics among the id, ego, and superego.&#10;A)Anxiety&#10;B)Sexual desire&#10;C)Depression&#10;D)Repression

Accepted Answer

Anxiety plays a significant role in governing the dynamics among the id, ego, and superego. Freud proposed that anxiety was a warning signal that alerted individuals to the potential danger to their well-being, and it is often the result of conflicts or tensions among the id, ego, and superego. Anxiety can arise when the ego is unable to satisfy the demands of the id or the superego, leading to psychological discomfort or distress. As such, anxiety serves as a motivator for the ego to resolve these conflicts and find ways to meet the needs of the id and superego without compromising one's sense of self or morality.

Question 11

According to the trait approach to personality, an individual's trait is:&#10;A)only evident in specific stages of life.&#10;B)likely to change rapidly depending on the circumstances.&#10;C)relatively consistent across a variety of settings.&#10;D)unconsciously defined and based on socially unacceptable desires.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the trait approach to personality,...

Question 12

The two major kinds of measures used by psychologists to measure personality are:&#10;A)naturalistic observations and projective techniques.&#10;B)the MMPI and the TAT.&#10;C)using personality inventories and naturalistic observations.&#10;D)personality inventories and projective techniques.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The two major kinds of measures used...

Question 13

When an athlete wins a competition, she is likely to stress her hard work and physical talents. When she loses a competition, she is likely to emphasize the quality of her competition. This illustrates the:

A)person-situation controversy.
B)self-serving bias.
C)narcissistic personality disorder.
D)problem of implicit egotism.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When an athlete wins a competition, she...

Question 14

Lisa decided at a young age that if she was nice to people, they would be nice to her. This is an example of:&#10;A)personal constructs.&#10;B)locus of control.&#10;C)outcome expectancies.&#10;D)person-situation controversy.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Lisa decided at a young age that...

Question 15

Research has demonstrated that introverts typically respond _____ to a variety of stimuli as compared to extraverts.&#10;A)more strongly&#10;B)about the same&#10;C)slightly less&#10;D)significantly less

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research has demonstrated that introverts typically respond...

Deck 12: Section 6: Personality