Question 1

Babies whose mothers smoke tobacco during pregnancy are more likely to have:&#10;A)facial abnormalities.&#10;B)attentional problems in childhood.&#10;C)Down syndrome.&#10;D)physical deformities such as missing limbs.

Accepted Answer

Maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of attentional problems in children, but not specifically with facial abnormalities, Down syndrome, or physical deformities like missing limbs.

Question 2

Motor development during infancy tends to follow two main guidelines: the _____ rule, whereby motor skills develop from the head to the feet, and the _____ rule, whereby babies learn to control body parts closest to their trunk before moving to the periphery (e.g., hands and feet).

A)cephalocaudal; bipedal
B)cephalocaudal; proximodistal
C)proximodistal; cephalocaudal
D)bipedal; proximodistal

cephalocaudal; proximodistal

Accepted Answer

The cephalocaudal rule refers to the development of motor skills from head to feet, while the proximodistal rule refers to the development of motor skills from the center of the body outward. Therefore, the best choice is B, which correctly identifies both rules.

Question 3

James dispenses medical marijuana to patients undergoing chemotherapy in order to help reduce their feelings of nausea. He does this, even though there are no medical marijuana laws in his state and he risks imprisonment if caught. John, however, believes he is doing the right thing by alleviating suffering. John probably is in Kohlberg's _____ stage of moral development.

A)postconventional
B)conventional
C)formal conventional
D)preconventional

postconventional

Accepted Answer

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, individuals in the postconventional stage are guided by their own internal moral principles rather than external rules and laws. They believe in universal principles of justice and human rights and may break laws that they see as conflicting with these principles. James' actions demonstrate this kind of internalized morality, as he is willing to break the law in order to help others.

Question 4

Jonas knew that animals with fur, pointy ears, a tail, four legs, and that say "woof" are called "dogs" by his parents. He saw a new animal and thought it was a dog until it "meowed." Jonas's parents said this was a "cat." Jonas could now distinguish between dog and cat depending on the sound the animal made. This revision of Jonas's schema of a "dog" best illustrates:

A)assimilation.
B)accommodation.
C)formal operations.
D)object permanence.

Accepted Answer

Accommodation is the process of modifying existing schema to incorporate new information that does not fit within existing schema. In this scenario, Jonas had to modify his schema of a "dog" to distinguish it from a "cat" based on the sound they made. Hence, the best option is B) accommodation.

Question 5

What is the order of social independence that most adolescents follow as they break away from their parents and spend more time with peers?&#10;A)mixed-sex groups of friends, then single-sex groups, then pair off as couples&#10;B)couples, then mixed-sex groups of friends, then single-sex groups&#10;C)couples, then single-sex groups of friends, then mixed-sex groups&#10;D)single-sex groups of friends, then mixed-sex groups, then pair off as couples

Accepted Answer

According to research, most adolescents first develop close friendships in single-sex groups, then move on to mixed-sex groups, and finally form romantic relationships (pair off). This progression is well-established in developmental psychology and is commonly referred to as the "crowd" and "clique" model. Therefore, choice D is the correct answer.

Question 6

The concept of object permanence is first understood in the _____ stage of cognitive development.&#10;A)sensorimotor&#10;B)preoperational&#10;C)concrete operational&#10;D)formal operational

Accepted Answer

The concept of object permanence, which is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight, is first developed in the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development according to Jean Piaget's theory. This stage occurs from birth to around 2 years of age and is characterized by a child's exploration of the world through their senses and actions.

Question 7

A child in the preoperational stage of development often has trouble with the concept of:&#10;A)conservation.&#10;B)assimilation.&#10;C)accommodation.&#10;D)object permanence.

Accepted Answer

Conservation is the concept that an object's physical properties, such as its shape or volume, remain the same despite changes in its appearance or arrangement. Children in the preoperational stage struggle with this concept and may believe that changes in appearance mean a change in the object's properties. Assimilation and accommodation are related to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, but are not specific to the preoperational stage. Object permanence is a concept that preoperational children begin to understand, but it is not the concept that they typically struggle with the most.

Question 8

A teenage boy starts shaving because he develops facial hair, which is a _____ sex characteristic.&#10;A)primary&#10;B)secondary&#10;C)minor&#10;D)major

Accepted Answer

Facial hair is a secondary sex characteristic, meaning it develops during puberty as a result of hormonal changes, rather than being present at birth (primary sex characteristic). "Minor" and "major" are not typically used to describe sex characteristics.

Question 9

Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development differed from Piaget's largely due to its focus on:&#10;A)cultural influences.&#10;B)self-observations.&#10;C)reinforcement.&#10;D)morality.

Accepted Answer

Vygotsky's theory emphasized the role of cultural influences, such as language and social interactions, in cognitive development. Piaget's theory, on the other hand, focused more on individual self-observations and the maturation of cognitive structures.

Question 10

Which cognitive ability would be least impaired as a person ages?&#10;A)remembering details from a childhood birthday party&#10;B)keeping a phone number in working memory&#10;C)retrieving names of high school classmates from memory&#10;D)understanding the meaning of vocabulary words used in the person's language

Accepted Answer

Understanding the meaning of vocabulary words used in the person's language is a cognitive ability that is least impaired as a person ages. This is because vocabulary knowledge builds up over a person's lifetime, and it is not as dependent on short-term memory or processing speed as the other options. The ability to understand the meaning of words may even improve with age due to the accumulation of life experience and knowledge.

Question 11

Developmental psychology focuses on the:&#10;A)continuity of humans over the life span.&#10;B)change of humans over the life span.&#10;C)continuity and change of humans over the life span.&#10;D)infantile period of humans.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Developmental psychology focuses on the:&#10;A)continuity of humans...

Question 12

Knowing that people experience different emotions in response to the same stimulus and react differently to things based on their personal likes or dislikes is a characteristic of:&#10;A)the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development.&#10;B)the postconventional stage of moral development.&#10;C)assimilation and accommodation.&#10;D)a theory of mind.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Knowing that people experience different emotions in...

Question 13

The heart begins to beat in the _____ stage of prenatal development.&#10;A)germinal&#10;B)embryonic&#10;C)uterine&#10;D)fetal

Accepted Answer

The answer of The heart begins to beat in the...

Question 14

Marital satisfaction follows peaks and valleys; it starts out _____, _____ when children are very young, and _____ when children leave the house.&#10;A)low; decreases; increases&#10;B)low; increases; decreases&#10;C)high; decreases; increases&#10;D)high; increases; decreases

Accepted Answer

The answer of Marital satisfaction follows peaks and valleys; it...

Question 15

The _____ is the standard behavioral test to determine a child's attachment style.&#10;A)Joint Referencing Task&#10;B)Child Attachment Battery&#10;C)Strange Situation&#10;D)Habituation Task

Accepted Answer

The answer of The _____ is the standard behavioral test...

Deck 11: Section 5: Development