Question 1

Babies are born with the ability to recognize and distinguish:&#10;A)only the phonemes of the language their parents speak.&#10;B)among all phonemes.&#10;C)no phonemes.&#10;D)only the phonemes of languages similar to their native language.

Accepted Answer

Babies are born with the ability to recognize and distinguish among all phonemes. This ability is present before they are exposed to any particular language and helps them to learn the phonemic structure of their native language. Research has shown that infants as young as 4-6 months can distinguish between all speech sounds, not just those found in their native language.

Question 2

Belief-neutral reasoning is associated with enhanced activity in the _____ lobe.&#10;A)parietal&#10;B)temporal&#10;C)frontal&#10;D)occipital

Accepted Answer

Belief-neutral reasoning involves the ability to reason about information without being influenced by prior beliefs or biases. This type of reasoning is associated with enhanced activity in the parietal lobe, which is involved in spatial processing and attention.

Question 3

If you have never seen a chihuahua, but you have seen somewhat similar types of dog breeds, such as rat terriers and miniature pinschers, which theory would BEST predict your ability to correctly identify a chihuahua as a "dog"?

A)morphological rules
B)family resemblance theory
C)exemplar theory
D)prototype theory

exemplar theory

Accepted Answer

Exemplar theory suggests that we identify objects by comparing them to specific examples we have encountered in the past. In this case, having seen similar dog breeds like rat terriers and miniature pinschers would provide exemplars that can help identify a chihuahua as a dog.

Question 4

Relative to solving problems using analytic strategies, insight is associated with a burst of electrical activity in the:&#10;A)prefrontal cortex.&#10;B)right temporal lobe.&#10;C)right parietal lobe.&#10;D)cerebellum.

Accepted Answer

Insight is associated with a burst of electrical activity in the right temporal lobe, which is involved in processing visual information and the formation of associations. This burst of activity is known as the "aha moment" and is accompanied by a feeling of sudden understanding or realization. The other answer choices are not typically associated with insight or problem-solving.

Question 5

Research on participants with prefrontal cortex damage suggests that these patients make more risky decisions because the:&#10;A)positive emotional reaction to wins is enhanced relative to healthy individuals.&#10;B)negative emotional reaction to frequent losses is absent relative to healthy individuals.&#10;C)anticipatory emotional reactions that usually guide decision making are absent.&#10;D)emotional reactions to both wins and losses are blunted relative to healthy individuals.

Accepted Answer

Research on participants with prefrontal cortex damage suggests that their anticipatory emotional reactions are absent, which usually guide decision making in healthy individuals. As a result, they are more likely to make risky decisions. They do not necessarily have enhanced positive emotional reactions to wins or absence of negative emotional reactions to losses or blunted emotional reactions to both wins and losses.

Question 6

_____ are convenient representations of categories because they reflect the overall most typical instance of the category.&#10;A)Exemplars&#10;B)Prototypes&#10;C)Concepts&#10;D)Algorithms

Accepted Answer

Prototypes are the most typical instances or examples of a particular category. They are convenient representations of categories because they are easily recognizable and reflect the defining features of the category. Exemplars are specific examples of a category, but they may not necessarily reflect the overall most typical instance of the category. Concepts are mental representations of categories, while algorithms are step-by-step procedures for problem-solving.

Question 7

Prospect theory assumes that people are:&#10;A)more willing to take risks to achieve gains than to avoid losses.&#10;B)more willing to take risks to avoid losses than to achieve gains.&#10;C)equally willing to take risks to achieve gains and avoid losses.&#10;D)unwilling to take risks either to achieve gains or to avoid losses.

Accepted Answer

Prospect theory suggests that people are more sensitive to potential losses than to equivalent gains, leading them to take greater risks to avoid losses than to achieve gains.

Question 8

The behaviorist approach to language development suggests that _____ plays a key role in learning words and grammar, whereas the nativists claim that language is _____ predetermined.&#10;A)reinforcement; biologically&#10;B)punishment; culturally&#10;C)reinforcement; culturally&#10;D)genetics; biologically

Accepted Answer

The behaviorist approach emphasizes the role of reinforcement in language learning, while the nativist approach posits that language acquisition is predetermined by biological factors. Therefore, reinforcement (choice A) and biological factors (choice D) are the most appropriate choices, and A is the best answer. Punishment (choice B) and culture (choice C) are not emphasized in the behaviorist or nativist approaches to language development.

Question 9

The smallest unit of sound that is categorized as speech is known as a:&#10;A)phoneme.&#10;B)morpheme.&#10;C)word.&#10;D)sentence.

Accepted Answer

A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound that is recognized as speech and is able to differentiate meaning between words. Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning in a language, while words and sentences are composed of multiple phonemes and morphemes. Therefore, option A is the correct choice.

Question 10

People with damage to Wernicke's area can:&#10;A)use correct syntax.&#10;B)produce meaningful language.&#10;C)understand sign language.&#10;D)understand the spoken word.

Accepted Answer

Wernicke's area is crucial for language comprehension. Damage to this area impairs the ability to understand language (both spoken and sign language), but it does not necessarily affect the syntax of speech production. People with Wernicke's aphasia can often produce fluent speech with correct syntax, but the content may be nonsensical or irrelevant.

Question 11

Suppose that sports fans in the United States were given a list of the names of all the medal winners in the last Olympics. After a few minutes of study, the fans were asked to estimate what percentage of medals the United States won. The fans probably will _____ this number, due to the _____.

A)overestimate; hindsight bias
B)overestimate; availability bias
C)underestimate; hindsight bias
D)overestimate; conjunctive fallacy

Accepted Answer

The answer of Suppose that sports fans in the United...

Question 12

The overall conclusion of research investigating the link between language and thought is:&#10;A)thought determines language because thinking precedes communication.&#10;B)language determines thought because thought is essentially an aspect of communication.&#10;C)language and thought are separate processes; neither exerts much influence over the other.&#10;D)language shapes thought, but language and thought remain separate to some extent.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The overall conclusion of research investigating the...

Question 13

_____ is the process that allows children to learn words rapidly by joining a word with a concept after experiencing it only once.&#10;A)Singularism&#10;B)Dualism&#10;C)Fast mapping&#10;D)Grammar

Accepted Answer

The answer of _____ is the process that allows children...

Question 14

Melissa is an attractive female who lives in San Diego and loves football. When asked to predict if it was more probable that she was a school teacher or a cheerleader for the San Diego Chargers, most people selected the latter even though there are thousands more school teachers than Charger cheerleaders in San Diego. This is an illustration of:

A)hindsight bias.
B)the representative heuristic.
C)base-rate decision making.
D)the conjunction fallacy.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Melissa is an attractive female who lives...

Question 15

Semantics refer to the _____ of a sentence.&#10;A)structure&#10;B)meaning&#10;C)syntax&#10;D)morphology

Accepted Answer

The answer of Semantics refer to the _____ of a...

Deck 9: Section 6: Language and Thought